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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List the structures, in order, in the respiratory pathway. |
nares, naval cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli |
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Which muscles are involved in inhalation? (passive and laboured) |
diaphragm, external intercostal muscles laboured breathing: back and neck muscles |
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Which muscles are involved in exhalation? (passive and active) |
passive: recoil of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles active: recoil of diaphragm, external intercostal muscles, internal intercostal muscles, and abdominal muscles |
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Pulmonary Surfactant |
reduced surface tension at air-liquid interface in alveoli, preventing their collapse |
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vital capacity (VC) |
maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation |
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total lung capacity (TLC) |
maximum volume of air in lungs when one inhales completely (6-7 liters) |
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residual volume (RV) |
minimum volume of air in the lungs when one exhales completely |
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tidal volume (TV) |
volume of air exhaled in a normal breath |
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expiratory reserve volume (ERV) |
volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation |
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inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) |
volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after normal inhalation |
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What is the relationship between vital capacity (VC), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), and tidal volume (TV)? |
VC = ERV + IRV + TV (???) (maybe: VC = IRV - ERV ???) |
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How does the brain alter the respiratory rate when there is not enough CO2 in the blood? |
Lowers respiratory rate |
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mechanisms used in respiratory system to prevent infection (6) |
vibrissae in nares; lysozyme in mucous membranes; mucociliary escalator; macrophages in lungs; mucosal IgA antibodies; mast cells |
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mast cell |
white blood cell which releases histamine in response to infection |
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chemical equation for the bicarbonate buffer system: |
CO2 (g) + H2O (l) <--> H2CO3 (aq) <--> H+ (aq) + HCO3- (aq) |
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how does the pH change in respiratory failure? |
buffer equation shifts to the right, producing more hydrogen ions. pH will decrease |
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alveoli |
small sacs that interface with pulmonary capillaries, allowing gases to diffuse across one-cell thick membrane |
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visceral pleura |
membrane lying adjacent to lung |
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parietal pleura |
membrane lining the chest wall |
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intrapleural space |
the space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura, containing a thing layer of fluid to lubricate the two surfaces |
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diaphragm |
thin skeletal muscle that helps create the pressure differential required for breathing |
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negative-pressure breathing |
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles expand thoracic cavity, increasing volume of intrapleural space and decreasing intrapleural pressure. This pressure difference expands the lungs, dropping pressure and inhaling |
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spirometer |
measures lung capacity and volume |
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ventilation center |
collection of neurons in medulla oblongata that regulates ventilation |
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chemoreceptors (in respiration) |
in ventilation center, respond to carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations, increasing respiration when carbon cioxide is too high or oxygen is too low |
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pulmonary arteries |
bring blood from the body to the lungs with high carbon dioxide concentration |
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pulmonary veins |
bring blood from lungs to heart with low carbon dioxide levels |
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what do lysozymes in the nasal cavity and saliva do? |
attack peptidoglycan cell walls of gram-negative bacteria |
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when blood pH decreases, respiration rate... |
increases, causing a left shift in the buffer equation |
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when blood pH increases, respiration rate... |
decreases, causing a right shift in the buffer equation |
