Maui College Pharmacology Final

Front 1

What is the study of the relation between an individual genetic make up and their individual response to a drug?

Back 1

Pharmacogenomics

Front 2

What is the science of substances used to prevent, diagnose and treat disease?

Back 2

Medical Pharmacology

Front 3

What is the study of undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems?

Back 3

Toxicology

Front 4

What is the study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes, especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activating or inhibiting normal body processes?

Back 4

Pharmacology

Front 5

What are drugs that are synthesized outside of the body called?

Back 5

Xenobiotics

Front 6

What are drugs synthesized by the body called?

Back 6

Hormones

Front 7

What are drugs that have almost exclusively harmful effects called?

Back 7

Poisons

Front 8

What are drugs synthesized by plants or animals that have almost exclusively harmful effects called?

Back 8

Toxins

Front 9

The action of the body on the drug is called?

Back 9

PharmacoKinetics

Front 10

The action of the drug on the body is called?

Back 10

PharmacoDynamics

Front 11

Any pharmacologic antagonists that binds to a site on the receptor other than the agonist binding site is called?

Back 11

Noncompetitive Antagonist

Front 12

Any pharmacologic antagonist that bind to the agonist receptor site, preventing the binding of agonist is called?

Back 12

Competitive Antagonist

Front 13

Any drug that binds directly to an agonist and deactivates the agonist is called?

Back 13

Chemical Antagonist

Front 14

Any drug that opposes the effect of an agonist through separate physiologic pathways is called?

Back 14

Physiologic Antagonist

Front 15

Any drug that activates the receptor is called?

Back 15

Agonist

Front 16

Drug that is inactive until metabolized by the body into an active form is called?

Back 16

Prodrug

Front 17

The pH at which the protonated and unprotonated forms of a chemical drug are balanced is called?

Back 17

pKa

Front 18

What is pH a measurement of?

Back 18

Concentration of H ion
Acidity
Alkalinity

Front 19

What is physiologic pH?

Back 19

pH of about 7.35

Front 20

When the same effect can be achieved with a lower dose or concentration, that drug has more..?

Back 20

Potency

Front 21

A drug which has a lesser effect than another drug has less...?

Back 21

Efficacy

Front 22

The amount of time it takes to eliminate half of any drug from the body is called?

Back 22

T1/2

Front 23

Drugs that are bound to plasma proteins are not able to activate receptors until they are free. T or F?

Back 23

True

Front 24

Stopping or starting a drug that binds to a plasma protein changes the levels of other protein bound drugs. T or F?

Back 24

True

Front 25

What is the purpose of biotransformation?

Back 25

Detoxify endogenous and exogenous substances
Transform nutrients
Make lipophilic substances water soluble
Improve renal elimination of drugs and toxins

Front 26

What are the important enzyme families in biotransformation?

Back 26

CYP Enzymes
Cytochrome P450 Enzymes

Front 27

What do drugs that induce biotransformation enzymes do?

Back 27

Increase the activity of biotransformation enzymes
Cause the drug to be increasingly metabolized
Increase the breakdown of other hypatically metabolized drugs

Front 28

What do drugs that inhibit biotransformation enzymes do?

Back 28

Decrease the activity of biotransformation enzymes
Cause the drug to be decreasingly metabolized
Decrease the breakdown of other hepatically metabolized drugs

Front 29

What contributes to differences in drug metabolism?

Back 29

Individual differences
Genetic differences
Diet
Environmental factors

Front 30

What contributes to the differences in drug metabolism?

Back 30

Age
Gender
Drug interactions
Disease process

Front 31

T or F? Botanical medicinals are not drugs or chemicals because they are all natural.

Back 31

False

Front 32

T or F? Over the counter medications are not drugs or chemicals because they are available without prescription.

Back 32

False

Front 33

T or F? A teratogen is any drug or chemical that causes a characteristic malformation of the fetus.

Back 33

True

Front 34

T or F? Pregnancy category A drugs are considered safe in pregnancy.

Back 34

True

Front 35

T or F? Pregnancy category C drugs are generally avoided in pregnancy because we are not sure of the safety of these drugs for the fetus.

Back 35

True

Front 36

T or F? Pregnancy category D drugs are to be avoided in women because there is evidence that the drugs are unsafe for the fetus.

Back 36

True

Front 37

T or F? Pregnancy category X drugs are known teratogens and contraindicated in pregnant women and women or reproductive age.

Back 37

True

Front 38

What are the pregnancy risk categories?

Back 38

A, B, C, D, and X

Front 39

T or F? The field of geriatrics applies to people over 75 years old although this is an arbitrary definition.

Back 39

True

Front 40

Compared with young adults the elderly have...?

Back 40

Reduced lean body mass
Reduced body water
Increased fat as a percentage of body mass
Decreased serum albumin levels

Front 41

T or F? Many drug dosages must be adjusted due to declining renal function in the elderly.

Back 41

True

Front 42

T or F? Creatinine clearance is an approximation of renal function and a common calculation used in pharmacology.

Back 42

True

Front 43

T or F? Morphine, digitalis and atropine are based on traditional botanical medicines.

Back 43

True

Front 44

What does the LD 50 of a drug tell us?

Back 44

The does of the drug that would cause death in half of the people who took that dose

Front 45

(2) What drug is used post-surgicaly to restore tone to the bladder?

Back 45

Bethanecol

Front 46

What is true about Digoxin (Lanoxin)?

Back 46

Antiarrhythmic
Positive Intrope
Negative Chronotrope
Slows AV conduction

Front 47

Mr. E is suspected to have a pheochromocytoma, which is an adenoma of the adrenal medulla that secretes excess adrenaline. What symptoms would you expect to see?

Back 47

Headache
Tachycardia (fast HR)
High BP

Front 48

Acetylocholine is synthesized using what?

Back 48

AcetylCoEnzyme A
Choline

Front 49

What enzymes are responsible for catecholamine breakdown?

Back 49

Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)

Front 50

What do we use to reverse the effects of Warfarin (Coumadin)?

Back 50

Vitamin K

Front 51

Adenyly cyclase forms cylic AMP from ATP. T or F?

Back 51

True

Front 52

Phophodiesterase breaks down cyclic AMP, T or F?

Back 52

True

Front 53

Caffiene results in increased cyclic AMP levels by inhibiting phosphodiesterase, T or F?

Back 53

True

Front 54

Mr. J develops sore muscles a few weeks after starting his atorvastatin, he is instructed to stop the medication until the soreness resolves. What is Mr. J being treated for?

Back 54

Hypertriglyceridemia/lipidemia

Front 55

What is the class of receptor used by the adrenegic neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic junction?

Back 55

Alpha
Beta

Front 56

Mrs. P has had a myocardial infarction and is receiving tPA because..?

Back 56

tPA is a thrombolytic (cloth busting) drug

Front 57

Which HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor is safe to use in hyperlipidemia of pregnancy?

Back 57

NONE! Statins are category X drugs and absolutely contraindicated in pregnancy

Front 58

What describes a positive intrope?

Back 58

A drug which makes the heart beat stronger

Front 59

What is true about Niacin?

Back 59

Naturally occuring vitamin used to lower cholesterol

Front 60

Verapamil is..?

Back 60

Calcium channel blocker
Class 4 Antiarrhythmic

Front 61

Phenylephrine (Neosynephrine) is a medication that is used as a decongestant, and as a "pressor" meaning it raises blood pressure, what class is (Neosynephrine)?

Back 61

Adrenergic Alpha Agonist

Front 62

T or F? A second messenger activation allows instant voltage changes to occur across the membrane.

Back 62

True

Front 63

Peripheral adrenergic alpha agonists are...?

Back 63

Sympathomimetic

Front 64

Mr. L takes atorvastatin, hydrochlorothiazide, propranolol and losartan. Which is most likely to make asthma worse?

Back 64

The beta blocker (propranolol)

Front 65

After giving adenosine (Adenocard) for PSVT, the heart stops beating. What is the next step?

Back 65

None of the above

Front 66

Cardioselective beta adrenergic antagonists do not cause brochospasm, T or F?

Back 66

False

Front 67

What is the chemical antagonist of heparin?

Back 67

Protamine

Front 68

Atropine is used to treat?

Back 68

Organophosphate poisoning

Front 69

Weakness that is caused by circulating antibodies that block acetylcholine receptors at the post-synaptic neuromuscular junction is a disease process know as?

Back 69

Myasthenia Gravis

Front 70

Vasopressin is/does..?

Back 70

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Decreases urination
Treats ventricular fibrillation

Front 71

What is an example of an anticholinergic drug?

Back 71

Atropine

Front 72

Mr. V is suffering from thyroid storm, due to excessive thyroid hormone levels, resulting in severe tachycardia. Which drug would be the best choice to slow the heart rate?

Back 72

Metoprolol

Front 73

What receptor type is used in the neuromuscular junction?

Back 73

Nicotinic

Front 74

Mr. H gets a 'flushing' sensation which he describes as a hot feeling and turns red whenever he takes one of these medications. Which of these is most likely causing this symptom?

Back 74

the Niacin

Front 75

What is true about Lidocaine?

Back 75

Class 1 Antiarrhythmic
Sodium Channel blocker
Local anesthetic

Front 76

What can lower cholesterol?

Back 76

HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors
Fibrates
Bile Acid Sequestrants
Oatmeal

Front 77

At what rate do we do chest compressions?

Back 77

100 compressions per minute

Front 78

What neurotransmitter is used by the sympathetic nervous system at the peripheral organ junction?

Back 78

Norepinephrine

Front 79

Mr. N takes terazosin, a peripheral alpha antagonist for difficulty urination due to benign prostatic hypertrophy BPH; what is true?

Back 79

Terazosin will lower blood pressure and can cause orthostatic hypotension

Front 80

What enzymes are responsible for acetylcholine breakdown?

Back 80

Acetylcholinesterase (AchE)

Front 81

Mr. E is instructed to collect his urine for 24 hours for a test called a “24 hour catecholamine” test. In addition to the catecholamines, what catecholamine breakdown or degradation products (metabolites) will we be looking for?

Back 81

3-Methoxy-Hyroxymandelic Acid (VMA)
Homovanillic Acid (HVA)

Front 82

Cholinomimetic drugs are used as bronchodilators to treat asthmatics, T or F?

Back 82

False

Front 83

When spironolactone (Aldactone) is used with an ACE inhibitor, this can often cause..?

Back 83

Severe HyperKalemia

Front 84

When congestive heart failure CHF is described as slight limitation of physical activity, comfortable at rest, but ordinary physical activity results in fatigue, palpitation, or dyspnea. What class is it?

Back 84

NYHA class 2

Front 85

Mr. Q has been treated for acute malignant hypertension, and doctors are now checking for cyanide toxicity because..?

Back 85

Nitroprusside IV in large doses can cause cyanide toxicity

Front 86

Which ACE inhibitor is safe to use in pregnancy?

Back 86

No ACE inhibitor is safe to use during pregnancy

Front 87

What do Peripheral Adrenergic Alpha Antagonists do?

Back 87

Cause Vasodilation

Front 88

Epinephrine is synthesized using what?

Back 88

Tyrosine

Front 89

When HCTZ is used with an ACE inhibitor, it can cause dammage to?

Back 89

None, HCTZ is commonly used with ACE

Front 90

Mrs. J has been placed on digoxin and lasix for her congestive heart failure. Which electrolyte supplement would be most important to prevent lethal arrhythmia?

Back 90

Potassium supplements

Front 91

What diuretic is considered potassium sparing?

Back 91

Spironolactone (Aldactone)

Front 92

Furosemide is a...

Back 92

Loop diuretic

Front 93

Clopidogrel is

Back 93

None, antiplatelet

Front 94

Because Mrs. G is on warfarin (Coumadin), she must get regular lab work to check what?

Back 94

PT/INR

Front 95

Mrs. B comes to the office for follow up on her blood pressure, she has been taking captopril for a few years and her blood pressure has been well controlled, she is completely healthy otherwise and tolerates frequent vigorous exercise without problem. She tells the nurse that she is now pregnant. Her blood pressure is 128/82.

Back 95

None

Front 96

You are the paramedic who first arrives at the scene of a witnessed cardiac arrest. Bystanders began immediate CPR on Mr. C. After you apply the monitor leads, you determine that the rhythm is ventricular fibrillation. You know that:

Back 96

None

Front 97

Mrs. Z uses diltiazem to control her irregular heart beat. Diltiazem, like all class 4 antiarrhythmics, is a __________ channel blocker.

Back 97

Calcium

Front 98

What class describes moderate heart failure?

Back 98

NYHA Class 3

Front 99

Lidocaine, like all Class 1 antiarrhythmics, is a __________ channel blocker.

Back 99

Sodium

Front 100

What is lovastatin?

Back 100

an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor

Front 101

Name two drugs that can cause a cough?

Back 101

Cardioselective beta adrenergic antagonists
ACE inhibitors

Front 102

Mr. K is admitted to the hospital for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and is placed on an anticoagulant IV. Which IV medication would he be getting?

Back 102

Heparin

Front 103

Mr. C carries his nitroglycerine sublingual to use whenever he has what?

Back 103

Angia or Chest Pain

Front 104

HMG-CoA reductase is the rate limiting step in the synthesis of what?

Back 104

Cholesterol

Front 105

Periphreal Adrenergic Agonists are what?

Back 105

Sympathomimetic

Front 106

Mrs. D has been placed on furosemide (Lasix). The most likely electrolyte change we should expect is what?

Back 106

HypoKalemia (low potassium)

Front 107

Mrs. G is found to have atrial fibrillation, and is given warfarin (Coumadin) to prevent what?

Back 107

Blood clot formation

Front 108

Mr. B uses a short acting anticholinergic for the management of his asthma. What drug is in this inhaler?

Back 108

Ipratropium

Front 109

What are anticholinesterase drugs?

Back 109

Parasympathomimetic
Cholinomimetic

Front 110

By using the medication as an inhaler, Mr. A is able to deliver the medication directly to his lungs, this means what?

Back 110

The drug has improved bioavailability for the lungs

Front 111

Mr. H takes niacin to lower which blood levels?

Back 111

Cholesterol

Front 112

Mr. C now states he gets sudden chest pain at rest, this is called what?

Back 112

Unstable Angina

Front 113

Which lab tests should be ordered when starting any HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor?

Back 113

Liver function test (LFTs)

Front 114

Epinephrine is used to treat what?

Back 114

Severe allergic reactions

Front 115

What is a concern with using nitrates for angina?

Back 115

Hypotension

Front 116

What is Captopril?

Back 116

an ACE inhibitor

Front 117

Mr. K wants to know why he’s getting a lab test on his blood every six hours, you are able to tell him that this is to monitor the effect of the IV anticoagulant and it must be followed very closely. What lab test is he getting every 6 hours?

Back 117

PTT

Front 118

Carbonic Anhydrase inhibitors are diuretics commonly used to treat what?

Back 118

Glaucoma

Front 119

Mr. D returns to a perfusing rhythm after your team applies oxygen, forced respirations, and a defibrillation shock with an antiarrythmic drug. He is transported to the nearest emergency room. The subsequent EKG reveals Mr. D has suffered a myocardial infarction. The decision is made to treat Mr. D with a thrombolytic. Which thrombolytic drug?

Back 119

Retevase

Front 120

What are absolute contraindications of thrombolytic therapy?

Back 120

Active bleeding
Any history of stroke
Major surgery or trauma in past 2 months
Confirmed BP >180/100

Front 121

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are what?

Back 121

Cholinomimetic

Front 122

What is Dicylclomine?

Back 122

An Anticholinergic used in bowl spasm

Front 123

Mrs. L has a sinus rhythm on her EKG (ECG). We know that..?

Back 123

Sinus rhythm is normal

Front 124

What are a few drugs that are used for high blood pressure?

Back 124

Diuretics
Beta Adrenergic Antagonists
ACE Inhibitors

Front 125

What are the main electrolytes involved in action potentials of neurons and muscle?

Back 125

Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Calcium

Front 126

Mr. A uses a short acting beta adrenergic agonist for the management of his asthma. It is his yellow rescue inhaler that he uses one or two inhalations, four times a day, as needed for his wheezing. What is another effect Mr. A may experience when he uses this inhaler?

Back 126

Increased heart rate

Front 127

Describe HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors

Back 127

Statins
Used to lower cholesterol
Pregnancy category X
Can cause muscle soreness

Front 128

What are the drugs that are used in Vfib?

Back 128

Lidocaine
Amiodarone
Epinephrine
Oxygen

Front 129

What is used to treat congestive heart failure?

Back 129

Positive Inotropes
Diuretics
ACE inhibitors

Front 130

Describe Angiotensin receptor blockers

Back 130

Generic names end in "-sartan"
Should be avoided in pregnancy
Used to treat Hypertension

Front 131

Mr. C has been placed on a diuretic for his hypertension. Which diuretic is most commonly used for HTN?

Back 131

Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)

Front 132

Mr. C must be instructed that sublingual tablets must be..?

Back 132

Dissolved under the tongue
Never swallowed because the drug is not as effective due to liver metabolism

Front 133

Mrs. D develops a tight cough and bronchospasm when she uses her eye drops. What drug would most likely be causing this response?

Back 133

Levobunolol (beta blocker)

Front 134

(3) Mrs. A receives a rectal suppository to stop the seizure, that suppository most likely contains which drug?

Back 134

Diazepam (Diastat, Valium)

Front 135

In the 80s a rapidly progressing and irreversible form of severe Parkinsonism was found in young adults who were using drugs synthesized by an amateur chemist. The toxin discovered was later used as an animal model of Parkinsonism. That toxin is what?

Back 135

MPTP

Front 136

T or F? Endorphins are naturally occurring brain peptides that regulate pain by acting upon specific receptors. Opiates derived from opium act upon these receptors altering sensation of pain.

Back 136

True

Front 137

What is true of carbidopa and levodopa combinations?

Back 137

Carbidopa prevents the peripheral metabolism of the dopamine precusor levodopa

Front 138

The drugs donepezil (Aricept), galantamine (Reminyl), and rivastigmine (Exelon) are..?

Back 138

Dopamine antagonists used in Psychosis

Front 139

The use of any D2 antagonist can result in dystonic reactions. What describes D2 antagonists?

Back 139

Antipsychotic drugs
Antiemetic drugs

Front 140

Mr. D has severe neurogenic pain and is placed on gabapentin (Neurontin). This drug is classified as what?

Back 140

An Anticonvulsant

Front 141

What is GABA?

Back 141

A neurotransmitter that opens chloride channels

Front 142

Mrs. C becomes conscious for a few minutes when she is given flumazenil (Romazicon). You know that this drug reverses the effect of what?

Back 142

Benzodiazepines

Front 143

Mr. B is counseled that benzodiazepines are effective for acute panic attacks, however, daily use of benzodiazepines can lead to addiction and abuse. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor is recommended. What medications are an SSRI used in anxiety disorders?

Back 143

Paroxetine (Paxil)
Sertraline (Zoloft)

Front 144

Mrs. C is found unresponsive at home, her new prescription bottle of clonazepam (Klonopin) is empty, she is brought to the emergency room. What do you suspect is her problem?

Back 144

Benzodiazepine overdose

Front 145

What are the drugs classes used to treat the symptoms of Parkinsons?

Back 145

MAO inhibitors
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
Dopamine precursors
Anticholinergic drugs

Front 146

Bromocriptine (Parlodel) is an ergotamine dopamine receptor agonist. This drug is used to treat what?

Back 146

Parkinsons
Prolactinoma of the Pituitary

Front 147

What prevents neuron action potentials?

Back 147

Blocking sodium channels
Opening chloride channels

Front 148

Which of the following anticonvulsants carries this warning: Aplastic anemia and agranulocytosis reported. Obtain complete pretreatment hematological testing as a baseline. Discontinue if develop evidence of bone marrow depression?

Back 148

Carbamazepine (Tegretol)

Front 149

Drugs used in the treatment of Parkinsons disease include...?

Back 149

dyphenhydramine (Benadryl)
benztropine (Cogentin)
Sinemet (Carbidopa/Levodopa)

Front 150

T or F? It is contraindicated to give the SSRI fluoxetine (Prozac) within two weeks of MAOi therapy.

Back 150

True

Front 151

Mr. D is rushed to the hospital after taking excessive doses of oxycodone (Oxycontin) pain pills. The agent used to reverse the effect of opiates is what?

Back 151

Naloxone (Narcan)

Front 152

Sinemet is a combination drug of carbidopa and levodopa, what is this drug used for?

Back 152

Parkinsons

Front 153

The treatment of acute dystonic reactions to antipsychotic medications is what?

Back 153

dyphenhydramine (Benadryl)
benztropine (Cogentin)

Front 154

Why does the FDA label warn that the anticonvulsant phenytoin IV be infused very slowly?

Back 154

Phenytoin can cause hypotension

Front 155

Parkinsons disease is thought to be a disease of what?

Back 155

The Basal Ganglia

Front 156

Venlafaxine (Effexor) is both a serotonin and a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor used in anxiety and depression. What is true of serotonin and norepinephrine?

Back 156

Both are monoamines involved in anxiety and depression

Front 157

What antipsychotics carries this warning: Risk of agranulocytosis, seizures, myocarditis, and other cardiovascular and respiratory effects?

Back 157

clozapine (Clozapine)

Front 158

T or F? Elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with atypical antipsychotic medications are at an increased risk of death.

Back 158

True

Front 159

T or F? Most drugs used to treat ADHD are sympathomimetic amines similar to amphetamine.

Back 159

True

Front 160

Sodium bicarbonate IV is used to treat what problem ?

Back 160

Tricylic antidepressant overdose

Front 161

The family is counseled that excessive doses of flumazenil (Romazicon) are avoided because it can cause what?

Back 161

Seizure

Front 162

The difference between simple and complex seizures is that simple seizures...?

Back 162

Do NOT involve loss of consciousness

Front 163

T or F? Tricyclic Antidepressants are only used to treat depression.

Back 163

False

Front 164

Name an Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Back 164

Crohns disease
Ulcerative Colitis

Front 165

Mrs. A takes an anticonvulsant medication everyday, which of the following is an anticonvulsant?

Back 165

Phenytoin (Dilantin)

Front 166

After giving Mrs. C flumazenil (Romazicon) she wakes up few a few minutes then returns to sleep. The family wants to know why the Romazicon is not working. You know that..?

Back 166

The half life of flumazenil is short and may need repeated doses

Front 167

Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) prevent the reuptake of what?

Back 167

Serotonin
Norepinephrine

Front 168

What are true of the antacids?

Back 168

Magnesium hydroxide can result in a laxative effect but is not systemically absorbed.
Aluminum hydroxide can result in constipation but is not systemically absorbed.
Sodium Bicarbonate and Calcium Carbonate are systemically absorbed and can cause metabolic alkalosis if taken excessively.

Front 169

Mr. E is admitted to the hospital for abdomen pain. Mr. Es wife states he is an alcoholic, which he denies. Two day after admission he becomes confused, combative and hallucinates. He is treated with thiamine and round the clock dosages of a benzodiazepine. He is suffering from...?

Back 169

Delerium Tremens

Front 170

Mr. B is suffering from panic disorder, what is a benzodiazepine used for panic attack?

Back 170

alprazolam (Xanax)
diazepam (Valium)
clorazepate (Tranxene)

Front 171

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOi) prevent the breakdown of what?

Back 171

Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Dopamine

Front 172

What are unwanted effects of many antipsychotics?

Back 172

Hypotension
Acute dystonic reactions
Tartive dyskinesia
Parkinson's like symptoms

Front 173

What are used to treat GERD?

Back 173

Histamine 2 receptor antagonists (H2 blockers)
Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)

Front 174

Describe Ergot Alkaloids

Back 174

Originally derived from moldy grains
Dopamine agonists and antagonists
Adrenergic agonists and antagonists
Serotonin agonists and antagonists

Front 175

What are Ergot Alkaloids used to treat?

Back 175

Migraine headache
Parkinsons disease

Front 176

Fetal hydantoin syndrome is thought to be due to fetal exposure to what?

Back 176

phenytoin (Dilantin)

Front 177

(4) Athletes who use performance enhancing drugs that are similar to growth hormone (GH) have facial features that are similar to those seen in what disease?

Back 177

Acromegaly

Front 178

The definition of AIDS requires what?

Back 178

HIV positive and CD 4 count less than 200

Front 179

A patient has been diabetic since childhood, and requires daily injections of insulin. This person most likely has what type?

Back 179

Type 1 Insulin Dependant Diabetes Mellitus

Front 180

What is the intermediate acting type of insulin?

Back 180

Humulin N

Front 181

Which oral diabetic agent carries this warning: "may cause or exacerbate CHF in some patients" "not recommended in patients with symptomatic heart failure"?

Back 181

pioglitazone (Actos)
rosiglitazone (Avandia)

Front 182

When is monotherapy acceptable in HIV infection?

Back 182

Never; except in select clinical trials

Front 183

What drug is a thyroid hormone synthesis inhibitor?

Back 183

Methimazole

Front 184

What best describes AZT?

Back 184

Also called zisovudine/Retrovir
A nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
First drug used to treat HIV infection

Front 185

If a person has an elevated TSH, we usually assume this person has what?

Back 185

Primary hypothyroidism since pituitary disease is so rare

Front 186

What is the main hormone in the regulation of bone metabolism?

Back 186

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Front 187

Levothyroxine (Synthroid) is what?

Back 187

Used to treat hypo/hyper thyroidism

Front 188

Mrs. N is receiving immune globulin therapy. You are able to inform her that immune globulins are...?

Back 188

Antibodies that occur naturally in the body to fight diseases.

Front 189

What are interferons?

Back 189

Drugs used to fight certain viral infections
Prevent the reproduction of viral genetic material in the host cell
Naturally secreted by certain cells as part of our viral defenses

Front 190

Which tests will first become positive after exposure to HIV?

Back 190

HIV RNA

Front 191

What are T helper cells?

Back 191

CD 4 cells
Lymphocytes
Mediators of cellular immunity

Front 192

What disease is due to excess glucocorticoid exposure?

Back 192

Cushing's Syndrome

Front 193

B lymphocytes are?

Back 193

Plasma cells which secret antibodies
Memory cells that become plasma cells once stimulated with antigen

Front 194

The virus that causes AIDS is what?

Back 194

A retrovirus

Front 195

A person has recently been diagnosed with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). What is true about SIADH?

Back 195

May be caused by lung tumor

Front 196

What explains ritonavir boosting?

Back 196

A protease inhibitor that increases the bioavailability of other protease inhibitors used to treat HIV

Front 197

White cells communicate with what?

Back 197

Interleukins
Interleukocytokines

Front 198

Glucagon has the opposite effect of which hormone?

Back 198

Insulin

Front 199

What is a sulfonylurea?

Back 199

Glipizide
Glyburide

Front 200

What factors are important in deciding HIV therapy?

Back 200

Toxicity
Previous drug failures
Pregnancy
Genotype of HIV virus

Front 201

What is long acting insulin called?

Back 201

Ultralente

Front 202

What is Calcitonin?

Back 202

Naturally occurring hormone synthesized by the thyroid
Drug used to increase bone formation
Prevents osteoclastic breakdown of bones

Front 203

What is Aldosterone?

Back 203

Naturally occurring hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex

Front 204

What is regular insulin called?

Back 204

Humulin R

Front 205

What is Lipodystrophy Syndrome?

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An abnormal fat distribution patter due to the use of antiretroviral drugs

Front 206

What is true of the drug metformin?

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It is a biguanide used in diabetes mellitus
Lactic acidosis is an adverse reaction seen especially in those with renal dysfunction

Front 207

How long have we known about AIDS?

Back 207

28 years

Front 208

Long term uncontrolled diabetes mellitus can result in what?

Back 208

Atherosclerosis
Kidney Failure
Blindess
Amputation

Front 209

What is the test that determines "viral load" of HIV?

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HIV RNA

Front 210

What does HAART stand for?

Back 210

The appropriate drug combination therapy in treating HIV

Front 211

Infants are tested at birth for hypothyroidism to prevent what?

Back 211

Mental retardation

Front 212

Describe HAART

Back 212

Two different nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in combination with a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and with a protease inhibitor

Front 213

AIDS is the acronym for what?

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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Front 214

Dr. J is receiving Neupogen (filgrastim or G-CSF) for his neutropenia. When he asks you why you he is getting that medication you are able to inform him of what?

Back 214

Neupogen stimulates the production of neutrophils, which are white blood cells that help fight infection.

Front 215

What year was the first HIV tests for the nations blood supply commercially available?

Back 215

1985

Front 216

What is the shortest acting insulin called?

Back 216

Humalog

Front 217

What is diabetes insipidus?

Back 217

Disturbance of water regulation

Front 218

What is hydrocorisone?

Back 218

Naturally occurring hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex
Drug used in topical anti inflammatory
Drug used to treat Addison's disease
Naturally occurring glucocorticoid synthesized from cholesterol

Front 219

What is Vasopressin?

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Naturally occuring hormone made by the posterior pituitary
Drug used in ventricular fibrillation
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Front 220

What type of diabetes can be controlled by diet and exercise?

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Type 2 Non Insullin Dependant Diabetes Mellitus