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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The renal arteries deliver the components of urine to the kidney; the urine formed there is carried to the outside by the ureters. Are these two statements true or false?
A. the first statement is false; second true B. both statements are false C. the first statement is true; second false D. both statements true |
C. the first statement is true; the second is false
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The kidney does all of these except ___________.
A. regulate blood volume B. regulating plasma electrolytes C. helping stabilize blood pH D. secreting excess albumin |
D. secreting excess albumin
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____________ produces urine
____________transport urine toward bladder ____________ temporarily stores urine ____________ conduct urine to exterior |
kidney
ureter urinary bladder urethra |
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Which of these organs is not part of the urinary system?
a. ureter b. urethra c. urinary bladder d. vagina |
d. vagina
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which of the following is not associated with the renal helium?
a. urethra b. renal nerves c. ureter d. renal artery |
a. urethra
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The step in kidney function where fluid is forced out of the blood is __________.
a. from glomerulus capsule to PCT b. from glomerulus to glomerulus capsule c. form PCT to DCT d. from afferent arteriole to glomerulus |
B. from glomerulus to glomerulus capsule
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What is the function of podocytes?
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provide structural reinforcement of capillary walls without impeding the flow of filtrate
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The medial indentation on the exterior of the kidneys where the ureter exist is called the
a. calyx b. pelvis c. hilum d. pyramid |
c. hilum
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blood is supplied to a nephron by its ______________
a. afferent arterioles b. efferent arterioles c. renal arteries d. cortical radial arteries |
a. afferent arterioles
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the urinary filtrate first enter _________
a. the glomerular (Bowman's capsule) b. collecting tubule c. renal papilla d. proximal convoluted tubule |
A. the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
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urine flows first form the papilla to the
a. major calyces b. renal pelvis c. minor calyces d. urethra |
c. minor calyces
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which is not considered part of a nephron?
a. glomerulus b. proximal convoluted tubule c. loop of Henle d. collecting duct |
d. collecting duct
it receives fluid form multiple nephrite, so its not part of a single nephron |
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which section of the nephron performs most of the glucose and water reabsorption?
a. renal corpuscle b. nephron loop c. distal convoluted tubule d. proximal convoluted tubule |
d. proximal convoluted tubule
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which section of the nephron filters blood plasma?
A. distal convoluted tubule B. renal corpuscle C. nephron loop D. proximal convoluted tubule |
b. renal corpuscle
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true or false. The nephrite loop does not do any secretion
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true
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which of the following structures consist of specialized cells that secrete renin when glomerular blood pressure falls?
a. juxtaglomerular complex b. efferent arteriole c. afferent arteriole d. glomerular capsule |
a. juxtaglomerular complex
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which section of the renal tubule is connected to the glomerular capsule?
a. collecting duct b. nephron loop c. distal convoluted tubule d. proximal convoluted tubule |
d. proximal convoluted tubule
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Of what type of epithelium is the outer capsular epithelium of the glomerular capsule made?
a. simple squamous epithelium b. simple cuboidal epithelium c. transitional epithelium d. simple columnar epithelium |
a. simple squamous epithelium
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one of the organic substances not normally excreted by the kidney is _____________
a. creatinine b. urea c. glucose d. uric acid |
c. glucose
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where does reabsorption of organic substrates occur?
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proximal convoluted tubule
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A decrease in blood albumin level will cause a decrease in blood colloid osmotic pressure; this will lead to a rise in the net glomerular filtration pressure. Are these two statements true or false?
a. The first is true; the second is false. b. Both statements are false. c. The first is false; the second is true. d. Both statements are true. |
d. both statements are true
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which of these effects is not produced by sympathetic activation?
a. altered regional blood flow b. increased glomerular filtration rate c. vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole d. renin release |
b. increased glomerular filtration rate
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Which of the choices below best describes the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
a. the volume of urine that leaves the kidneys per minute b. the volume of blood flowing through the glomerular capillaries per minute c. the volume of filtrate created by the kidneys per minute d. the blood pressure within the glomerulus |
c. the volume of filtrate created by the kidneys per minute
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Which of the following best describes the passive force that creates filtrate?
a. glomerular filtration rate (GFR) b. autonomic regulation c. vasocontriction d. glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) |
d. glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)
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what is the primary regulatory mechanism that maintains glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
a. autonomic regulation b. natriuretic peptides c. autoregulation d. renin-angiotensin system |
c. autoregulation
autoregulation (local blood flow regulation) by myogenic mechanisms maintains an adequate GFR despite changes in the local blood pressure and blood flow |
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Which of the following GFR-regulating mechanisms is initiated by cells of the juxtaglomerular complex?
a. renin-angiotensin system b. natriuretic peptides c. myogenic mechanism d. autonomic regulation |
a. renin-angiotensin system
renin is secreted in response to a decrease in glomerular blood pressure, ultimately resulting in angiotensin II circulating in the blood. Activation of the renin-angiotensin system increases GFR |
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The myogenic mechanism of renal autoregulation primarily involves smooth muscle in which blood vessels?
a. afferent arterioles b. efferent arterioles c. glomerulus d. systemic arterioles |
a. afferent arterioles
by regulating afferent arteriole diameter, auto regulation affects pressure inside the glomerulus and therefore GFR. |
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In the event of a severe increase in systemic blood pressure, what mechanism would increase GFR?
a. increased autonomic stimulation of afferent arterioles b. dilation of efferent arterioles c. release of ANP and BNP d. constriction of afferent arterioles due to myogenic mechanism |
c. release of ANP and BNP
ANP and BNP are released from the heart when an increase in blood pressure or volume stretches the walls of the heart. Both ANP and BNP increase GFR, which increases urine production and reduces blood volume and pressure |
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What enzyme is released by the juxtaglomerular complex to regulate GFR?
a. angiotensin I b. angiotensin II c. angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) d. renin |
d. renin
it catabolizes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, a critical first step in the hormonal regulation of GFR during low pressure event |
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Which of the choices below best describes the autonomic mechanism for regulating GFR?
a. Sympathetic fibers trigger release of an enzyme to decrease the GFR. b. Sympathetic fibers override local controls to decrease the GFR. c. Sympathetic fibers trigger the release of hormones from the heart. d. Sympathetic fibers initiate the myogenic response to decrease the GFR. |
d. sympathetic fibers override local controls to decrease the GFR
sympathetic activity causes vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles to decrease GFR when there is an acute fall in blood pressure |
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The main force(s) opposing glomerular filtration is (are) __________.
a. blood colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure b. blood hydrostatic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure c. capsular hydrostatic pressure d. blood hydrostatic pressure |
a. blood colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure
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The macula densa forms part of the __________.
a. juxtaglomerular complex b. nephron loop c. glomerular capsule d. filtration membrane |
a. juxtaglomerular complex
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes __________.
A. a decrease in both urine volume and solute concentration B. an increase in urine volume but a decrease in solute concentration C. an increase in both urine volume and solute concentration D. a decrease in urine volume but a increase in solute concentration |
d. a decrease in urine volume but a increase in solute concentration
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What would be the effect of blocking the hormone the works at the points indicated by the red arrows?
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a. increased production of dilute urine
ADH stimulates the reabsorption of water form renal tubules, so blocking ADH would cause more water to be lost from the body |
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What triggers the movement of water out of the descending limb?
A. Ions are actively transported out of the descending limb, and water follows. B. Ions are transported out of the ascending limb, and the resulting concentration gradient in the peritubular fluid pulls water out of the descending limb. C. There is a hydrostatic pressure gradient in the descending limb that allows water to filter out. D. Water is actively transported by cells of the descending limb. |
B. Ions are transported out of the ascending limb, and the resulting concentration gradient in the peritubular fluid pulls water out of the descending limb.
Na and Cl ions are actively transported by cells of the ascending limb and influence the concentration gradient of the nearby descending limb |
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Which of these hormones causes the kidney to increase the body's content of sodium?
a. aldosterone b. ADH c. cortisone d. epinephrine |
a. aldosterone
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which of these statements about the detrusor muscle is false?
a. it is innervated by parasympathetic nerves b. it contracts the wall of the urinary bladder c. it is composed of smooth muscle d. it moves urine through the urethra by peristalsis |
d. it moves urine through the urethra by peristalsis
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Which of these is not an aspect of the micturition reflex arc?
a. CNS processing occurs in the sacral cord. b. It involves sympathetic nervous system function. c. The effector is the detrusor muscle. d. It is stimulated by mechanoreceptors. |
b. it involves sympathetic nervous system function
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The ureters extends from the __________
a. nephrons to the renal pelvis b. renal pelvis to the urinary bladder c. minor calyces to the major calyces d. urinary bladder to the urethra |
b. renal pelvis to the urinary bladder
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if the spinal cord were transected above the sacral region which of the following would occur?
a. urinary incontinence b. bladder paralysis c. urinary retention d. urinary obstruction |
a. urinary incontinence
the spinal cord above the sacral region carries impulses that provide sensory awareness of bladder fullness, but also voluntary control of the external urethral sphincter. Loss of this motor pathway will cause the bladder to empty whenever it fills |
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With advancing years, the urinary system develops all of these problems except __________.
a. increased sensitivity to ADH b. a decrease in GFR c. urinary retention d. increased frequency of infection |
a. increased sensitivity to ADH
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Which of these age-related changes most increases the risk of dehydration?
a. decreased sensitivity to ADH b. weak micturition reflex c. reduced glomerular filtration d. weak sphincter tone |
a. decreased sensitivity to ADH
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which of these changes is least likely as people age?
a. loss of sphincter tone b. loss of functional nephrons c. increased sensitivity to aldosterone d. detrusor muscle weakness |
c. increased sensitivity to aldosterone
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which of the following substances is not normally found in filtrate?
A. water and small solutes b. nitrogenous waste particles, such as urea c. ions, such as sodium and potassium d. blood cells and large particles |
D. blood cells and large particles such as proteins are not allowed to filter through a healthy glomerular membrane
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what is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration?
A. gravity B. colloid osmotic pressure of blood C. hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure) |
C. hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)
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which substance would be found in higher concentration if the membrane were damaged?
a. protein b. chloride c. creatinine d. glucose |
a. protein
large proteins are not normally filtered by a healthy glomerular membrane |
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if the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28mmHg to 35mmHg, would net filtration increase or decrease?
a. net filtration would increase b. net filtration would not be altered c. net filtration would decrease |
c. net filtration would decrease
b/c osmotic pressure opposes filtration, increasing osmotic pressure would decrease net filtration |
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calculate the net filtration pressure if apiary hydrostatic pressure is 60mmHg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25mmHg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10mmHg.
a. 25mmHg b. 35mmHg c. 50mmHg d. 60mmHg |
a. 25mmHg
60-(25+10)=25mmHg the two pressures that oppose filtration must be subtracted from the force favoring filtration |
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in a nephron, the long tubular passageway through which the filtrate passes includes the ____________
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proximal and distal convoluted tubules, and the nephron loop
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ADH stimulate the reabsorption of water in __________
a. distal convoluted tubule b. collecting system c. both distal convoluted tubule and collecting system d. renal corpuscle e. nephron loop |
c. both distal convoluted tubule and collecting system
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which of the following is not a function of the urinary system?
a. introduction of plasma proteins into blood plasma b. removal of organic waste products form body fluids c. elimination of waste into the environment d. homeostatic regulation of the volume and solute concentration of blood plasma |
a. introduction of plasma proteins into blood plasma
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blood supply to the proximal and distal convoluted tubule of the nephron is provided by the _______
a. afferent arterioles b. segmental veins c. interlobular veins d. peritubular capillaries |
d. peritubular capillaries
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The functions of the urinary system include all of the following EXCEPT __________.
a.eliminating nitrogenous wastes b. regulating body temperature c. stabilizing blood pH d. regulating blood volume and blood pressure e. regulating plasma concentrations of electrolytes |
b. regulating body temperature
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What is the initial factor that determines whether urine will be produced?
a. secretion b. activation c. filtration d. absorption |
c. filtration
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The openings of the urethra and the two ureters mark an area on the internal surface of the urinary bladder called the __________.
a. trigone b. external urethral sphincter c. internal urethral sphincter d. renal sinus |
avjla
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which of these age-related changes most increases risk of dehydration
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decreased sensitivity to ADH
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with advancing years, the urinary system develops all of these problems except
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increased sensitivity to ADH
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ureters extend from the
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urinary bladder to the urethra
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