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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the creation and use of symbol systems that convey information and meaning
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Communication
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symbols of expression that individuals, groups, and societies use to make sense of daily life and to articulate their values
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culture
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the cultural industries - the channels of communication - that produce and distribute songs, novels, newspapers, movies, Internet services, and other cultural products to large amt of people
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mass media
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the process of designing cultural messages and stories and delivering them to large and diverse audiences though media channels as old as the printed book and as new as the Internet
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mass communication
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images, texts, and sounds are converted (encoded) into electronic signals (represented as binary numbers) that are then reassembled (decoded) as a precise reproduction of various media (i.e. a picture or magazine article)
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digital communication
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people who post commentary on personal-opinion Web sites
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bloggers
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technological merging of content in different mass media. Ex: magazine articles and radio programs are also accessible on the Internet
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media convergence
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business model that involves consolidating various media holdings, such as cable connections, phone services, television transmissions, and Internet access, under one corporate umbrella
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cross platform
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authors, producers, and organizations
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senders
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programs, texts, images, sounds, and ads
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messages
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newspapers, books, magazines, radio, television, or the Internet
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media channel
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readers, viewers, consumers
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receivers
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news editors, executive producers, and other media managers
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gatekeepers
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citizens and consumers, if they choose, return messages to senders or gatekeepers through letters-to-the-editor, phone calls, e-mail, Web postings, or talk shows
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feedback
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people typically seek messages and produce meanings that correspond to their own cultural beliefs, values, and interests
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selective exposure
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storytelling
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narrative
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Identified with "good taste", higher education, and support by wealthy patrons and corporate donors, is associated with "fine art". Ex: ballet, symphony, art museums, classic literature
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high culture
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Identified with "questionable tastes" of the masses, who enjoy commercial "junk" circulated by the mass media, such as reality TV, celebrity gossip Web sites, and action films.
Ex: soap operas, rock music, radio shock jocks, video games |
low culture
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a period of political and social reform that lasted roughly from the 1890s to the 1920s. Teddy Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson are associated with this time
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Progressive Era
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period from roughly the mid-twentieth century to today. There is a confusing array of examples: music videos, remote controls, Nike ads, shopping malls, fax machines, email, blogs, YouTube, iphones, reality tv.
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postmodern period
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appeal to ordinary people by highlighting or setting up a conflict between "the people" and "the elite"
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populism
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attaining knowledge and understanding of mass media
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media literacy
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description, analysis, interpretation, evaluation, engagement
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critical process
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vast network of telephone and cable lines, wireless connections, and satellite system designed to link and carry computer information worldwide
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Internet
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original Internet - enabled military and academic researchers to communicate on a distributed network system
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ARPAnet
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software to send electronic messages to any computer
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e-mail
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miniature circuits that could process and store electronic signals
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microprocessors
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thin glass bundles of fiber capable of transmitting thousands of massages simultaneously
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fiber-optic cable
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text data-linking system that allowed computer-accessed information to associate with, or link to, other information no matter where it was on the Internet
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World Wide Web
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written code that creates Web pages and links, is a language that all computers can read, so computers with diff operating systems can communicate
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HTML (HyperText Markup Language)
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the software packages that help users navigate the Web
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browsers
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connecting millions of home-users to its proprietary Web system through dial-up and broadband connections
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Internet Service Provider (ISP)
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connecting which can quickly download multimedia content
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broadband
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rely on people to review and catalogue Web sites, creating categories with hierarchical topic structures than can be browsed
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directories
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enter key words or queries to locate related material/Web pages. Some of the first of "this" were Yahoo!, Alta Vista, adn Inktomi
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search engines
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makes media convergence possible because it enables all media content to be created in the same basic way (converted into electronic signals represented thru binary numbers and then decoded into whatever it is i.e. image, sound, etc)
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digital communication
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enables users to send and receive real-time computer messages
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instant messaging
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Sites that contain articles or posts in chronological, journal-like form, often with reader comments adn links to other sites.
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blogs
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sites that enable anyone to edit and contribute to them.
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Wiki Web sites
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sites that enable users to create personal profiles, upload photos, create lists of favorite things, and post messages to connect with old friends and to meet new ones
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social networking sites
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an online identity
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avatar
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overhauled/repealed the nation's communication regulations
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Telecommunications Act of 1996
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entry point to the Internet
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portal
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programmers openly shared program source code and their ideas to upgrade and improve programs
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open-source software
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identity theft via phony e-mails that appear to be from official Web sites asking customers to update their credit card and other personal information
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phishing
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the buying and selling of products and services on the Internet
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e-commerce
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information profiles that are automatically collected and transferred between computer servers whenever users access Web sites
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cookies
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information-gathering software which is often secretly bundled with free downloaded software. Enables unauthorized parties to gather information
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spyware
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policy favored by consumers that requires Web sites to obtain explicit permission from consumers befor they can collect browsing history data
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opt-in policies
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favored by data mining corporations allow for the automatic collection of browsing history data unless ht consumer requests to opt-out of the practice
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opt-out policies
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growing contrast between the "information haves", those who can afford to purchase computers and pay for Internet services, and the "Information have nots", those who may not have a computer or the money for Internet services
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digital divide
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free or low-cost wireless Internet access
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Wi-Fi
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individual consumers are given the ability by media companies to customize a Web page or other media form, allows the public to engage with and create media as never before
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mass customization
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plastic magnetic tape
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audiotape
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permitted recording of two separate channels, or tracks, of sound. When played back through two loudspeakers, it creates a more natural sound distribution
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stereo
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captures the fluctuations of sound waves and stores those signals in a record's grooves or a tape's continuous stream of magnetized particles
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analog recording
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translates sound waves into binary on-off pulses and stores that information as numerical code. When played back, a microprocessor translates these numerical codes back into sounds and sends them to loudspeakers
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digital recording
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digitally recorded discs
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compact discs (CDs)
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file format that enables digital recordings to be compressed into smaller, more manageable files
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MP3
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music that appeals either to a wide cross section of the public or to sizable subdivisions within the larger public based on age, region, or ethnic background
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pop music
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improvisational and mostly instrumental music form that absorbed and integrated diverse body of musical styles, including African rhythms, blues, and gospel.
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jazz
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a song recorded or performed by another artist
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cover music
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a slang term for "sex". combined the vocal and instrumental traditions of pop with the rhythm and blues sounds of Memphis and country twang of Nashville. Considered the first "integrationist music"
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rock and roll
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huge rhythm units smashing away behind screaming blues singers
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R&B or Rhythm & Blues
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the foundation of rock and roll. Influenced by African American spirituals, ballads, and work songs from the rural South
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blues
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the practice of record promoters paying deejays or radio programmers to play particular songs
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payola
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songs performed by untrained musicians and passed down mainly through oral traditions. Considered a more democratic and participatory musical form and often inspires its writers and performers to be more socially aware
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folk music
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Amplified folk music
Associated with Bob Dylan |
folk-rock
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style of music that arose in 1970s to challenge the orthodoxy and commercialism of the record business. Associated with the Ramones, Blondie, and Talking Heads
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punk rock
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development in rock in the 1990s that got its name from the often messy guitar sound and the anti-fashion torn jeans and flannel shirt appearance of its musicians and fans. Associated with Sonic Youth and Minutemen
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grunge
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vague label that describes many types of experimental rock music that offered a departure from the theatrics that staged extravaganzas of 1970s glam rock - (david bowie and kiss)
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alternative rock
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term for the urban culture that includes rapping, cutting (or sampling) by deejays, breakdancing, street clothing, poetry slams, and graffiti art
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hip-hop
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style of music - subgenre of hip-hop, that seeks to tell the truth about gang violence in American culture. has been accused of creating violence
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gangster rap
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a business situation in which a few firms control most of an industry's production and distribution resources.
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oligopoly
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record less commercially viable music, or music they hope will become commercially viable
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indies
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the talent scouts of the music business, who discover, develop, and sometimes manage artists
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A&R (artist & repertoire) agents
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illegal reissues of out-of-print recordings and the unauthorized duplication of manufacturer recordings sold on the black market at cutrate prices
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counterfeiting
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the unauthorized videotaping of audiotaping of live performances, which are then sold illegally for profit
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bootlegging
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unauthorized online file-sharing
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online piracy
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precursor of radio technology invented in the 1840s. Samuel Morse developed the first practical system, sending electrical impulses from a transmitter through a cable to a reception point
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telegraph
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a series of dots and dashes that stood for letters in the alphabet
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Morse code
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invisible electronic impulses similar to visible light. Wireless transmissions came from James Maxwell
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electromagnetic waves
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waves harnessed so that signals could be sent from a transmission point to a reception point
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radio waves
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a form of voiceless point-to-point communication
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wireless telegraphy
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wireless voice and music transmissions
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wireless telephony
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once an agricultural term referring to the process of casting seeds over a large area - now means the transmission of radio waves (& later TV signaling) to a broad public audience
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broadcasting
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person-to-person communication. i.e. telegraph and telephone
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narrowcasting
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addressed the problem of amateur radio operators increasingly cramming the airwaves. Made it so transmitting on radio would require licensing
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Radio Act of 1912
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GE founded this company that acquired American Marconi and radio patents fo other U.S. companies. Upon its founding in 1919 RCA had pooled the necessary technology and patents to monopolize the wireless industry and expand American communication throughout the world
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Radio Corporation of America (RCA)
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a cost-saving operation that links a group of broadcast stations that share programming produced at a central location via special phone lines and now satellite
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network
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Paley and Bernay's concept in which CBS paid affiliate stations $50 per hour for an option on a portion of their time
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option time
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licensees did not own their channels but could only license them as long as they operated to serve the "public interest, convenience, or necessity".
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Radio Act of 1927
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oversee licenses and negotiate channel problems. supposed to be a temporary committee but grew into a regulatory agency
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Federal Radio Commission (FRC)
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established the FCC to replace the FRC.
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communications Act of 1934
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regulated radio, the telephone, the telegraph, and later television, cable, and the Internet
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Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
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small electrical devices that, like vacuum tubes, could receive and amplify radio signals
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transistors
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amplitude modulation. Stresses the volume/height of radio waves
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AM
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frequency modulation. offers static-free radio reception. supplies greater fidelity and clarity than AM. Ideal for music
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FM
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management rather than deejays controlled programming each hour; formula-driven radio
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format radio
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playing the top songs many time during the day
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rotation
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derived from the number of records stored in a jukebox, this format came to refer to the forty most popular hits in a given week as measured by record sales
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Top 40 format
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emerged as an alternative format to conventional formats. rejected the commercialism associated with Top 40 tunes and played lesser-known alternative music and longer album cuts
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Progressive Rock
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progressive rock had become copied, tamed, adn absorbed by mainstream radio under the format labeled album-oriented rock
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AOR (album-oriented rock)
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nation's fastest growing format throughout much of the 90s.
appeals to adults over age 35 |
news/talk format
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between 6 to9 am and 4 to 7 pm
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drive time
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middle-of-the-road or MOR is among radio's oldest and msot popular formats.
An eclectic mix of news, talk, oldies, and soft rock music |
adult contemporary (AC) or MOR
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another name for Top 40 Radio
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contemporary hit radio (CHR)
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format that claims the most stations - more than 2,000.
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country
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1947 - WDIA in Memphis was the first station to program exclusively for black listeners. Now called ___, this format targets a wide variety of listeners. plays ppl like Rihanna, Kanye, Mary J. Blige
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urban
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ran experimental public stations.
public stations challenge the status quo in radio as well as in government |
Pacifica Foundation
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noncommercial network used for educational reasons
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National Public Radio (NPR)
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noncommercial network used for educational means
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Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)
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set up public broadcasting in the United States
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Public Broadcasting Act of 1967
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established by Public Broadcasting Act of 1967
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Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB)
as well as NPR and PBS |
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emerged in the 1990s with the popularity of the web. Internet stations come in two types: esisting station streaming their show over the web OR station may be crated exclusively for the Internet
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Internet Radio
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XM and Sirius are examples. Offer more than 100 stations for digital music, news, and takl channels to the U.S. via satellite
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satellite radio
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practice of making audio files available on the Internet so listeners can download them onto their computers and transfer them to portable MP3 players or listen to the files on the computer
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podcasting
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digital technology that enables AM and FM radio broadcasters to multicast two to three additional compressed digital signals within their traditional analog frequency
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HD radio
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a promotional strategy that typically involves up-front payments from record comapnies to radio stations to play a song a specific number of times
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pay-for-play
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class of 10- and 100-watt stations in order to give voice to local groups lacking access to the public airwaves
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low-power FM (LPFM)
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FCC eliminated ownership restrictions on radio
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Telecommunications Act of 1996
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