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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Buoyancy
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tendency of an object to float (depends on density of object)
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negatively buoyant
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tendency to sink (more dense than seawater)- benthic animals, continuous swimmers like sharks and tunas
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positively buoyant
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float (less dense)- surface (neuston)
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neutrally buoyant
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neither sink nor float (equal density) - live in water column, pelagic animals
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Fats and oils/Blubber
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Whales & dolphins
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Oils (squalene)
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shark livers
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Coelacanth
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fat-filled lung structure
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phytoplankton
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oils
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Gas bladders
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Bony fishes
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Lungs
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Aves, Reptilia, mammalia
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pneumatophores
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gas-filled floats in some cnidaria (portugese man-of-war, vellela/wind sailors)
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gastropods, cephalopods, nautilus
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gas chambers
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Fats/Oils Advantage
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Not compressible, good for changing depth
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Fats/Oils Disadvantage
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less buoyant than air, energetically expensive to maintain fatty organ
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Gas Advantage
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cheap, more buoyant than oils/fats
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Gas Disadvantage
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gas is compressible, bad for changing depth
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Physostamous gas bladder
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Connect to esophagus, manually add/release air.
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Gas gland
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add air at depth
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Physoclistous gas bladder
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no connection to digestive tract
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oval body
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releases air
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Deep sea fishes strategies for buoyancy
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reduce heavy structures, increase water content
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active fishes strategies for buoyancy
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continuous swimming
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Uses for sensory systems
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find food, avoid predators, reproduction/communication, navigation/migration, schooling
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Who has vision?
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All vertebrates except the hag fish have a camera eye.
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What do hag fish use for vision?
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Eye spots (light/dark sensor)
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What are the two types of photo receptors?
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Cones and rods
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Cones
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Hight itnesting light/color receptors- blue, green, red, uv light
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Rods
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low intensity light/ good at detecting motion
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What type of photoreceptors are used in the photic zone?
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Rods and cones
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What type of photoreceptors are use in the aphotic zone?
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Rods
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Deep Sea Dragonfishes
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Produce red light to find prey, other fishes lack cones to see red light
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Chemoreception
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ability to detect dissolved chemicals in the water
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olfaction
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smell, fish have paired nasal sacs inside naves
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Agnatha
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only have one nasal sac
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Marine tetrapods
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two nostrils, only smell air
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gustation
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taste-mouth, gill rakers, some on barbel and fins
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mechanoreception
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sensing movement/vibrations in H2O (through sensory hairs)
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How do fish hear?
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Inner ear, otoliths (vibrate w/ sound), some gas bladders have extension to otoliths
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What is a "webrian" apparatus?
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bones that connect gas bladder
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What do gas glands regulate?
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They regulate the secretion of gas from the blood into the bladder when these fishes are... (see slide)
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Lateral line
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sensory hairs along body that detect vibrations in the water
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marine tetrapods
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eardrum that conducts vibation to sensory hairs
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Cetaceans
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use jaw bones to conduct vibrations
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Electroreception
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Sharks and rays
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Ampulae of Lorenzini
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Similar to lateral line, sensing weak electronic currents, used to find prey and navigate
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schooling
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Mechmoreception, vision: protection, reduces drag while swimming, keep reproductively active members of a population together
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migrations
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electroreception (Earth's magnetic field, currents)
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visual cues
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day length (biological clocks), position of sun
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olfaction
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salmon returning to stream of birth (chemoreception)
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mechanoreception
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orient w/ currents, temperature + salinity
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Why migrate?
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Food and reproduction
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Anadromy
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Reach maturity in saltwater but return to freshwater to spawn (salmon)
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Catadromy
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Spawn in saltwater, live most of life in freshwater (eels)
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Who migrates off our coast?
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intertidal, short fin mako, gray whales, northern elephant seal, white shark, albacore tuna
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What sensory systems are used for reproduction?
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Vision (courtship behaviors), chemo reception (pheromones), mechoreception (gas bladders)
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Quantity vs.quality
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r/k selection theory
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What do r-selected species do?
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(Quantity)- produce many offspring, most don't survive, fast growth rates, reach sexual maturity quickly, short gestation
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What do k-selected species do?
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(Quality)- produce fewer offspring that are well developed, offspring likely to survive, slower growth rates, late sexual maturity, tend to be long-lived, long gestation periods
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viviparity
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live birth
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placental viviparity
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embryo is connected to mother- mammalia + some sharks
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ovoviviparity
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eggs hatch/develop inside mother- some sharks, bony fish, some sea snakes
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Oviparity
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eggs hatch/develop outside of mother- aves, reptilia, most osteichythes, agnatha, some chondrichthyes, most invertebrates
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What are the advantages of viviparity?
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More fully functional and many young survive to adulthood
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What are the disadvantages of viviparity?
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Fewer offspring, high maternal investment
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What are the advantages of oviparity?
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many young, less maternal investment
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What are the disadvantages of oviparity?
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Young are not usually very functional
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How do hatched young continue to get nutrients for development post-hatch?
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Yolk sac, uterine "milk" from mother, ovophagy (egg eating), intrauterine cannibalism
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Gonochorism
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separation of sexes in different individuals (male + female)
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Hermaphroditism
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individuals are simultaneously or sequentially both sexes
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simultaneous hermaphrodites (synchronous)
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act as both sexes at the same time (produce both eggs and sperm)
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sequential hermaphroditism
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sex change during lifetime
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protandry
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male first, female later (nemo)
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protogyny
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female first, male later (sheephead)
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Smaller body size
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male
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larger body size
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female to hold eggs
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Internal fertilization
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chondricthyes, some osteicthyes, reptilia, aves, and mammalia
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external fertilization
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agnatha, most osteichthyes
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Strategies for fertilization
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sneak spawning, mouth brooders (hold eggs inside mouth), parasitic males
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How many marine organisms are benthic?
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90%
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epifauna
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live on substrate (mussels, barnacles)
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infauna
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live in the substrate (clams, worms)
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What is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis?
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local species diversity is maximized when ecological disturbance is neither too rare nor too frequent
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abiotic stressors
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(physical)- wave action, dessication, thermal stress, habitat surface area, salinity changes, smashing objects, O2 deprivation
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dessication
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drying out
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biotic stressors
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(biological)- predators, competition for food + space
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What are some adaptions to prevent dessication?
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close up/hold water, find shade in cracks, agglutinate sand/shell fragments (barrier), use light colors to reflect more heat
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What do plants do to prevent dessication?
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Hold water, agglutinate sand, have tough epidermis, secrete mucus, tolerate drying
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What adaptions do animals have to deal with wave shock?
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strong grips, low profiles, aggregate together, use rock contours
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What adaptions do algae have to deal with wave shock?
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flat blades to reduce drag, strong hold fast and massive stipes
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Zone 4
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Splash zone, periwinkles
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Zone 3
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high/upper intertidal, acorn barnacles
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Zone 2
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mid intertidal, mussels
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Zone 1
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lower intertidal, sea stars + algae
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Upper limit
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limited by physical factors (abiotic)
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Lower limit
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limited by biotic factors (competition, predation)
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What is there competition for?
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space, food, resources
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Interference competition
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directed competition (fighting for space/resource); shoving/displacement, undercut, stinging, chemical warfare, whiplash/ smash into rocks to prevent barnacles from settling
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exploitative competition
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more indirect; out competing species/ individual (being a better feeder)
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spacial patchiness
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(succession): rock-bacterial films-acorn barnacles- mussels/sea stars-disturbance- bare rock
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Grazers
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scrape bacteria
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filter/suspension feeders
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grab particles
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predators
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mobile
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How do intertidal animals reproduce?
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75% of organisms extend their range by broadcast spawning of eggs and sperms
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larval dispersal
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bottom type/texture, chemical attractants, current speeds, sound, light, presence of con specific adults
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marrow plankton
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only plankton for part of their lives
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hollow plankton
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cope pods, jellies
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Where are estuaries?
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coves
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Where are tide pools?
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headland/point
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What is an estuary?
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semi-closed coastal embayments where fresh water rivers meet and mix with the sea
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Coastal plain estuary
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drowned river valley
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bar built estuary
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has barrier island
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fjords
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carved by glaciers
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tectonic estuary
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San Francisco bay
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Estuarine Circulation
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detritus and other organic nutrients that settle out of the river water are transported back up into the estuary w/ each tidal cycle (constant upwelling zone)
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well mixed estuary
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water is mixed
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stratified estuary
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big zones of salinity
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stenohaline
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low tolerance to changes in salinity (most marine and freshwater organisms)
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euryhaline
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high tolerance to changes in salinity (can migrate between fresh and saltwater)
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What animals are euryhaline?
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salmon, anguilla, bull sharks
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brackish water
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not salt, not fresh, in between
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Who osmoregulates in estuaries?
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most Euryhaline organisms
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Where do slow moving organisms live?
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Where salinity is appropriate
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Where do fast moving organisms live?
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move with the salinity gradients to stay in their optimal environment
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salt marsh
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salt plants (upper limit-biotic; lower limit-abiotic)
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mudflat
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too much water for plants to grow
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eel grass
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dependent on seawater
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halophytes
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salt tolerant plants
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upper limits on halophytes
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biotic factors (competition0
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lower limits on halophytes
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abiotic factors (tolerance to undulation in seawater, low oxygen in sediment)
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What are the rocky intertidal animals' upper limit?
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abiotic factors
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What are the rocky intertidal animals' lower limit?
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biotic factors
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What are the abiotic stressors on halophytes?
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high salinity in soil and low O2 in the sediment
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What can cause low O2 in sediment?
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Lots of biological activities, anaerobic respiration (decomposes)
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What are some adaptions that halophytes use to deal with abiotic stressors?
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Grasses can excrete salts, some can hold fresh water, cord grass can conduct O2 to the roots and soil
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facilitation
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organisms work together to make harsh environment better
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What is an example of facilitation?
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cord grass puts O2 into sediment/roots secure sediment which provides protection for crabs, fiddler crabs dig burrows so that O2 goes into the sediment
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detritus
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dead plant material
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What is the estuary food chain?
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upstream flat production-particle producers- particle consumers-predators
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Why are estuaries important?
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high productivity, spawning grounds, fish nursery, migratory routes for birds, build shorelines, water purification
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oxygen depleting pollutants
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agricultural fertilizers, poorly treated sewage
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toxic pollutants
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heavy metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons
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eutrophication
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excess nutrients cause large phytoplankton blooms- dead zones
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