Kinesiology Exam Ii [Ankle, Knee, Hip]

Front 1

what are the three functions of the foot?

Back 1

(1) to bear weight
(2) mobile adapter at heel strike (pronates)
(3) rigid lever at push off phase (supinates)

Front 2

what are the five types of joints contained within the foot?

Back 2

(1) talocrural
(2) subtalar
(3) transtarsal
(4) tarsometatarsal
(5) metatarsophalangeal

Front 3

what are the two types of transtarsal joints in the foot?

Back 3

calcaneocuboid, talonavicular

Front 4

what two motions of the foot occur in the frontal plane?

Back 4

inversion and eversion

Front 5

what two motions of the foot occur in the sagittal plane?

Back 5

dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

Front 6

what two motions of the foot occur in the transverse plane?

Back 6

abduction and adduction

Front 7

what two motions of the foot occur in the oblique plane of motion (triplanar)?

Back 7

pronation and supination

Front 8

pronation is a combination of what three motions at the ankle? (in NWB)

Back 8

(1) eversion
(2) dorsiflexion
(3) abduction

Front 9

supination is a combination of what three motions at the ankle? (in NWB)

Back 9

(1) inversion
(2) plantarflexion
(3) adduction

Front 10

this joint is a syndesmosis joint between the convex medial surface of the distal fibula and the concave fibular notch of the tibia; held together by the anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments

Back 10

distal tibiofibular joint

Front 11

this joint is also called the ankle mortise, and is formed between the convex talus and the concave tibia

Back 11

talocrural joint

Front 12

in dorsiflexion, what directions does the talus roll and slide relative ot the tibia?

Back 12

rolls anterior, slides posterior

Front 13

this is the rotation of the ankle joint axis in the transverse plane

Back 13

tibial torsion

Front 14

the tibial torsion angle is considered significant when it is greater than --º

Back 14

30º

Front 15

what is the normal range of tibial torsion?

Back 15

6-10º

Front 16

how much dorsiflexion does someone need to achieve for normal gait?

Back 16

10º

Front 17

what is the normal range of ankle dorsiflexion?

Back 17

20-26º

Front 18

what is the normal range of ankle plantarflexion?

Back 18

20-50º

Front 19

is there more motion at the ankle joint with the knee flexed or extended?

Back 19

flexed

Front 20

what is the most commonly injured ligament in ankle sprains?

Back 20

anterior talofibular

Front 21

what ligament of the lateral ankle is stressed with straight inversion?

Back 21

calcaneofibular

Front 22

what ligament of the lateral ankle is stressed with inversion and plantarflexion?

Back 22

anterior talofibular

Front 23

what ligament of the lateral ankle is stressed with inversion and dorsiflexion?

Back 23

posterior talofibular

Front 24

this joint is formed by the concave posterior facet of the talus resting upon the convex posterior facet of the calcaneus

Back 24

subtalar joint

Front 25

about how many degrees from the horizontal does the subtalar joint lie?

Back 25

42º

Front 26

about how many degrees from the sagittal plane does the subtalar joint lie?

Back 26

16-23º

Front 27

how much eversion is normal in an open kinetic chain at the subtalar joint?

Back 27

10º

Front 28

how much inversion is normal in an open kinetic chain at the subtalar joint?

Back 28

20º

Front 29

in a closed kinetic chain, what three motions are occurring at the ankle in pronation?

Back 29

(1) plantarflexion
(2) adduction of the talus
(3) eversion of the calcaneus

Front 30

in a closed kinetic chain, what three motions are occurring at the ankle in supination?

Back 30

(1) dorsiflexion
(2) abduction of the talus
(3) inversion of the calcaneus

Front 31

this position is the relationship between the rearfoot (calcaneus) to the lower leg (tibia-fibula); is used as a frame of reference to identify pronation and supination

Back 31

subtalar joint neutral position

Front 32

if the subtalar joint neutral is a positive number, is the ankle varus/inverted or valgus/everted?

Back 32

varus/inverted

Front 33

if the subtalar joint neutral is a negative number, is the ankle varus/inverted or valgus/everted?

Back 33

valgus/everted

Front 34

this position is the position of the forefoot in relation to the rearfoot with the subtalar joint in neutral in the frontal plane (calcaneus to forefoot)

Back 34

forefoot to rearfoot position

Front 35

the function of these joints is the pronatory twist of the first ray with rear foot supination (to compensate for motion at the rearfoot)

Back 35

tarsometatarsal joints

Front 36

what type of joint is the metatarsophalangeal joint considered?

Back 36

condyloid

Front 37

what shapes are the metatarsal and phalanx in the MTP joint?

Back 37

convex metatarsal and concave phalanx

Front 38

how many degrees of extension does the first MTP joint need for walking?

Back 38

60º

Front 39

what is another name for a foot that is excessively pronated with a low arch, calcaneal eversion, medial bulge, and forefoot abducted?

Back 39

pes planus

Front 40

what is another name for a foot that is excessively supinated with a high arch, calcaneal inversion, lateral bulge, and forefoot adduction?

Back 40

pes cavus

Front 41

what are four characteristics of an excessively pronated foot?

Back 41

(1) low arch
(2) calcaneal eversion
(3) medial bulge
(4) forefoot abducted

Front 42

what are four characteristics of an excessively supinated foot?

Back 42

(1) high arch
(2) calcaneal inversion
(3) lateral bulge
(4) forefoot adducted

Front 43

what is one cycle of gait comprised of?

Back 43

2 steps and 1 stride

Front 44

in gait, this is considered the distance from the heel strike on one foot to the heel strike on the other

Back 44

step

Front 45

in one gait cycle, what percentage is the stance phase?

Back 45

60%

Front 46

in one gait cycle, what percentage is the swing phase?

Back 46

40%

Front 47

what is the stride frequency in gait?

Back 47

1 stride per second

Front 48

this is the number of steps someone takes per minute

Back 48

cadence

Front 49

what is the normal cadence of gait?

Back 49

110 steps per minute

Front 50

what two bones make up the hindfoot?

Back 50

talus and calcaneus

Front 51

what bones make up the midfoot?

Back 51

tarsals

Front 52

what bones make up the forefoot?

Back 52

metatarsals and phalanges

Front 53

what three ligaments provide stability to the longitudinal arches of the foot?

Back 53

(1) short plantar ligament
(2) long plantar ligament
(3) spring ligament

Front 54

this effect is important at the end of the gait cycle; the toes extend, pulling on the plantar aponeurosis and making the foot rigid, giving it a better ability to push off

Back 54

windlass effect

Front 55

at what point in stance, early or late, is pronation seen?

Back 55

early

Front 56

at what point in stance, early or late, is supination seen?

Back 56

late

Front 57

any muscle that inserts anterior to the talocrural joint axis and acts concentrically does what motion?

Back 57

dorsiflexion

Front 58

any muscle that inserts posterior to the talocrural joint axis and acts concentrically does what motion?

Back 58

plantarflexion

Front 59

any muscle that inserts anterior to the talocrural joint axis and acts eccentrically CONTROLS what motion?

Back 59

controls plantarflexion

Front 60

any muscle that inserts posterior to the talocrural joint axis and acts eccentrically CONTROLS what motion?

Back 60

controls dorsiflexion

Front 61

anything that inserts medial to the subtalar joint axis and acts concentrically does what motion?

Back 61

inversion (supination)

Front 62

anything that inserts lateral to the subtalar joint axis and acts concentrically does what motion?

Back 62

eversion (pronation)

Front 63

anything that inserts medial to the subtalar joint axis and acts eccentrically CONTROLS what motion?

Back 63

pronation

Front 64

anything that inserts lateral to the subtalar joint axis and acts eccentrically CONTROLS what motion?

Back 64

supination

Front 65

since the anterior tibialis inserts anterior to the talucrural joint and medial to the subtalar joint, what two motions does it do?

Back 65

dorsiflexion and inversion

Front 66

since the extensor digitorum longus inserts anterior to the talocrural joint, what motion does it do?

Back 66

straight up dorsiflexion

Front 67

since the extensor hallucis longus inserts anterior to the talocrural joint, what motion does it do?

Back 67

dorsiflexion+great toe extension

Front 68

since the gastrocnemius inserts posterior to the talocrural joint, what motion does it do?

Back 68

plantarflexion

Front 69

since the tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum and flexor hallucis longus tendons insert medial to the subtalar joint and posterior to the talocrural joint, what two motions do they do?

Back 69

plantarflexion and inversion

Front 70

since the fibularis longus and brevis insert posterior to the talocrural joint and lateral to the subtalar joint, what two motions do they do?

Back 70

plantarflexion and eversion

Front 71

people who are overly pronated lose the stabilization of what muscle of the first ray during walking?

Back 71

fibularis longus

Front 72

a loss of the intrinsic muscles of the foot causes what type of deformity?

Back 72

hammer toe

Front 73

this is when the forefoot is inverted in relationship to the rearfoot with the subtalar joint in neutral position

Back 73

forefoot varus

Front 74

this is when there is less than 10 degrees of dorsiflexion range of motion at the ankle

Back 74

talocrural equinus

Front 75

this is when the rearfoot is inverted in relationship to the lower leg with the subtalar joint in the neutral position

Back 75

rearfoot varus

Front 76

what are three intrinsic factors that could contribute to someone having a pronated foot?

Back 76

(1) forefoot varus
(2) talocrural equinus
(3) rearfoot varus

Front 77

what are the four extrinsic factors that could contribute to someone having a pronated foot?

Back 77

(1) pathological hip rotation (hip anteversion)
(2) tibial varum
(3) tibial torsion
(4) leg length discrepancies

Front 78

what are four intrinsic factors that could contribute to someone having a supinated foot?

Back 78

(1) forefoot valgus
(2) plantar flexed first ray
(3) rigid rearfoot varus
(4) forefoot varus

Front 79

this is when the forefoot is everted in relationship to the rearfoot with the subtalar joint in the neutral position

Back 79

forefoot valgus

Front 80

this is when someone lacks adequate pronation/eversion at the subtalar joint and it is uncompensated

Back 80

rigid rearfoot varus, forefoot varus

Front 81

in the center of progression line of a pronated foot, is everything pushed more medially or laterally?

Back 81

medially

Front 82

in the center of progression line of a supinated foot, is everything pushed more medially or laterally?

Back 82

laterally

Front 83

what are four extrinsic factors that could cause someone to have a supinated foot?

Back 83

(1) pathological hip rotation
(2) tibial varum
(3) tibial torsion
(4) leg length discrepancies

Front 84

this position occurs when the subtalar joint is in neutral and the rearfoot is in a position of inversion compared to the tibia

Back 84

rearfoot varus

Front 85

this position occurs when the subtalar joint is in neutral and the rearfoot is in a position of eversion compared to the tibia

Back 85

rearfoot valgus

Front 86

this position occurs when the subtalar joint is neutral and the forefoot is in a position of inversion compared to the calcaneus (regardless of the position of the rearfoot)

Back 86

forefoot varus

Front 87

this position occurs when the subtalar joint is in neutral and the forefoot is in a position of eversion compared to the calcaneus (regardless of the position of the rearfoot)

Back 87

forefoot valgus

Front 88

this is the largest joint in the skeletal system

Back 88

knee

Front 89

what are the two joints of the knee?

Back 89

patellofemoral and tibiofemoral joints

Front 90

what are the four functions of the knee?

Back 90

(1) shortens limb through the swing phase
(2) provides shock absorption
(3) transmits forces through the lower extremity
(4) affords large ranges of motion

Front 91

this is the branch of mechanics that describes the motion of a body without regard to the forces or torques that may produce the motion

Back 91

kinematics

Front 92

when there is a convex on a concave body, are the roll and slide the same or in opposite directions?

Back 92

opposite

Front 93

when there is a concave on convex body, are the roll and slide the same or in opposite directions?

Back 93

same

Front 94

this is the axis about which a body rotates at a given instant

Back 94

instant center/axis of rotation

Front 95

this is the path of serial locations of the instant center of rotation; aka evolute

Back 95

path of instant center of rotation (PICR)

Front 96

if the knee is moved about a posteriorly displaced ICR, what occurs to the joint?

Back 96

distraction

Front 97

if the knee is moved about an anteriorly displaced ICR, what occurs at the joint?

Back 97

compression

Front 98

at the knee, this is considered when the distal segment is free to move and the proximal end is fixed

Back 98

open kinetic chain

Front 99

at the knee, this is considered when the distal segment is fixed and the proximal segment moves

Back 99

closed kinetic chain

Front 100

these are internal reaction forces acting at the contact surfaces when a joint is subjected to external loads

Back 100

joint reaction forces

Front 101

at the tibiofemoral joint, what two structures sustain the joint reaction forces?

Back 101

(1) menisci
(2) articular cartilage

Front 102

at the tibiofemoral joint, the menisci take what percentage of total body weight?

Back 102

about 50%

Front 103

at the patellofemoral joint, what two structures sustain the joint reaction forces?

Back 103

(1) articular cartilage
(2) patellar ligament/tendon

Front 104

what type of joint is the tibiofemoral joint classified as?

Back 104

double condyloid joint

Front 105

how many degrees of freedom of movement are allowed at the tibiofemoral joint?

Back 105

2

Front 106

what plane does flexion and extension of the knee occur in?

Back 106

sagittal

Front 107

what plane does rotation of the knee occur in?

Back 107

transverse

Front 108

in the tibiofemoral joint, what surface is convex and what is concave?

Back 108

convex femoral condyles resting on concave menisci on the tibia

Front 109

in the frontal plane, the knee is aligned in what type of angle?

Back 109

physiologic valgus

Front 110

what is the range of normal physiologic valgus at the knee in adults?

Back 110

165-170º

Front 111

this is another name for the hyperextension at the knee that is often common in young children but should disappear by adolescence

Back 111

genu recurvatum

Front 112

in the sagittal plane at the knee, what two bones align vertically?

Back 112

tibia and femur

Front 113

in the transverse plane at the knee, what structures are aligned?

Back 113

femoral and tibial condyles

Front 114

this is the position of maximal joint surface congruity at the knee joint, and is often the position where the majority of joint structures are under maximum tension

Back 114

close packed position

Front 115

in the close packed position, how many degrees of flexion/extension can occur?

Back 115

0º

Front 116

this is the position of maximal joint laxity at the knee joint, and is the position at which the joint is under the least amount of stress; is also often the position of comfort after injury

Back 116

resting/loose packed

Front 117

how much flexion is allowed at the knee joint in the loose packed position?

Back 117

25º

Front 118

this mechanism of the knee occurs during the last 30º of extension, and is a mechanical event that occurs both passively and actively; in open chain, the tibia laterally rotates on the femur, and in closed chain the femur medially rotates on the tibia

Back 118

screw home mechanism

Front 119

in the screw home mechanism, if the tibia is extending on the femur in an open chain fashion, what motion does the tibia do in order to fully extend?

Back 119

lateral rotation

Front 120

in the screw home mechanism, if the femur is extending on the tibia in a closed chain fashion, what motion does the femur do in order to fully extend?

Back 120

medial rotation

Front 121

what two things does the screw home mechanism allow the knee to do?

Back 121

(1) permits humans to stand erect without quad muscle contraction
(2) knee can withstand anterior/posterior forces on the extended knee with reduced muscle force

Front 122

what are three possible factors that contribute to the screw home mechanism?

Back 122

(1) stretch of the ACL
(2) pull of the quadriceps
(3) medial condyle curves inwardly

Front 123

what muscle is responsible for unlocking the knee?

Back 123

popliteus

Front 124

what ligaments provide anterior/posterior stability of the knee joint?

Back 124

(1) cruciates (ACL, PCL)
(2) posterior joint capsule
(3) collaterals [secondary] (LCL, MCL)

Front 125

what four muscles provide anterior/posterior stability to the knee joint?

Back 125

(1) quadriceps
(2) hamstrings
(3) gastrocnemius
(4) popliteus

Front 126

which ligament of the knee prevents excessive anterior displacement of the tibia on the femur?

Back 126

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

Front 127

which ligament of the knee prevents excessive posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur?

Back 127

posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

Front 128

which ligaments provide medial/lateral stability of the knee joint?

Back 128

(1) collaterals (MCL, LCL)
(2) joint capsule
(3) cruciates [secondary] (ACL, PCL)

Front 129

what five muscles provide medial/lateral stability to the knee joint?

Back 129

(1) IT band/TFL
(2) gracilis
(3) biceps femoris (lateral)
(4) semitendinosus (medial)
(5) sartorius

Front 130

which ligament of the knee prevents excessive valgus displacement of the tibia on the femur?

Back 130

MCL

Front 131

which ligament of the knee prevents excessive varus displacement of the tibia on the femur?

Back 131

LCL

Front 132

at the knee joint, which arthrokinematic movement occurs more often, roll or glide?

Back 132

roll

Front 133

what is the typical range of movement of PASSIVE flexion/extension at the knee for an adult up to age 74 years?

Back 133

+5º-->0º-->155º

Front 134

what is the typical range of movement of ACTIVE flexion/extension at the knee joint for an adult up to age 74?

Back 134

0-140º

Front 135

when the tibia is moving on a fixed femur during knee flexion, in what directions are the roll and glide?

Back 135

posterior roll, posterior glide

Front 136

when the tibia is moving on a fixed femur during knee flexion,in what direction do the menisci move?

Back 136

posteriorly (pulled by the semimembranosus and popliteus)

Front 137

when the tibia is moving on a fixed femur during knee extension, in what directions are the roll and glide?

Back 137

anterior roll, anterior glide

Front 138

when the tibia is moving on a fixed femur during knee extension, in what direction do the menisci move?

Back 138

anteriorly (pulled by the quads)

Front 139

in open chain knee flexion, which muscle internally rotates the tibia or externally rotates the femur to unlock the knee?

Back 139

popliteus

Front 140

in open chain knee extension, what motion does the tibia do in the last 30º?

Back 140

external rotation

Front 141

when the femur is moving on a fixed tibia in knee extension (such as a sit to stand transfer), in what directions are the roll and glide?

Back 141

anterior roll, posterior glide

Front 142

when the femur is moving on a fixed tibia in knee extension (such as a sit to stand transfer), in what direction do the menisci move?

Back 142

anterior

Front 143

when the femur is moving on a fixed tibia in knee flexion (such as a stand to sit transfer), in what directions are the roll and glide?

Back 143

posterior roll, anterior glide

Front 144

when the femur is moving on a fixed tibia in knee flexion (such as a stand to sit transfer), in what direction do the menisci move?

Back 144

posterior

Front 145

when the femur is moving on a fixed tibia in knee extension, what motion does the femur do in the last 30º of extension?

Back 145

internal rotation

Front 146

when the femur is moving on a fixed tibia in knee flexion, what muscle externally rotates the femur to unlock the knee?

Back 146

popliteus

Front 147

in what plane does internal and external rotation of the knee occur?

Back 147

transverse plane

Front 148

with the knee flexed to 90º, when the tibia externally rotates, in what direction does the lateral tibial condyle move?

Back 148

posterior

Front 149

with the knee flexed to 90º, when the tibia externally rotates, in what direction does the medial tibial condyle move?

Back 149

anterior

Front 150

with the knee flexed to 90º, when the tibia externally rotates, in what direction does the lateral meniscus move?

Back 150

anterior

Front 151

with the knee flexed to 90º, when the tibia externally rotates, in what direction does the medial meniscus move?

Back 151

posterior

Front 152

what ligaments are taut when the tibia externally rotates on the femur?

Back 152

MCL, possibly LCL

Front 153

with the knee flexed to 90º, when the tibia internally rotates, in what direction does the lateral tibial condyle move?

Back 153

anterior

Front 154

with the knee flexed to 90º, when the tibia internally rotates, in what direction does the medial tibial condyle move?

Back 154

posterior

Front 155

with the knee flexed to 90º, when the tibia internally rotates, in what direction does the lateral meniscus move?

Back 155

posterior

Front 156

with the knee flexed to 90º, when the tibia internally rotates, in what direction does the medial meniscus move?

Back 156

anterior

Front 157

what ligaments are taut when the tibia internally rotates on the femur?

Back 157

LCL, possible ACL/PCL

Front 158

with the knee in a fully extended position, how many degrees of rotation are available?

Back 158

0º

Front 159

how many degrees of external rotation occurs during end range knee extension?

Back 159

10º

Front 160

abduction and adduction of the knee joint occur in what plane?

Back 160

frontal

Front 161

what type of joint is the patellofemoral joint classified as?

Back 161

saddle/sellar

Front 162

in the patellofemoral joint, which surface is concave and which is convex?

Back 162

concave patella articulating with convex intercondylar groove

Front 163

what is excessive deviation of the patella to the medial side called?

Back 163

medial tracking

Front 164

what is excessive deviation of the patella to the lateral side called?

Back 164

lateral tracking

Front 165

this index is a measure of the ratio between the patellar tendon length to the patellar height, and is measured at 60º of flexion

Back 165

Insall-Salvati index

Front 166

what is the normal index of values for the Insall-salvati index?

Back 166

1.1-1.4

Front 167

what is excessive deviation of the patella upward called?

Back 167

patella alta

Front 168

what is excessive deviation of the patella downward called?

Back 168

patella baja

Front 169

when the knee is extension, what direction does the patella slightly tilt in?

Back 169

lateral

Front 170

what are the two general functions of the patellofemoral joint?

Back 170

(1) augmentation of knee extension leverage (displacing quad anteriorly, increasing moment arm of knee extensors)
(2) allows a wider distribution of compressive stresses on the femur by increasing the area of contact between the patellar tendon and femur

Front 171

this is the angle formed between a line connecting the ASIS to the midpoint of the patella and a line connecting the tibial tubercle and the midpoint of the patella; is NOT synonymous with physiologic valgus

Back 171

Q angle

Front 172

the line of the resultant force of the quadriceps muscle tends to pull the patella in what two directions relative to the patellar ligament?

Back 172

superiorly and laterally

Front 173

what is the normal Q angle for men and women when measured with the knee in extension?

Back 173

Men: <10º
Women: <15º

Front 174

what is the range of Q angle that is considered abnormal?

Back 174

15-20º

Front 175

an enlarged Q angle creates excessive __ forces on the patella that may predispose the patella to pathologic changes

Back 175

lateral

Front 176

what are 7 things that can influence the Q angle?

Back 176

(1) knee valgus (as it increases, Q angle increases)
(2) patellar medial or lateral deviation
(3) tibial tubercle anomalies
(4) femoral anteversion
(5) genu recurvatum
(6) pronation
(7) external tibial torsion

Front 177

at approximately what degrees of flexion is considered the close packed position of the patellofemoral joint?

Back 177

90º

Front 178

what position is considered the loose packed position of the patellofemoral joint?

Back 178

full extension of the tibiofemoral joint

Front 179

during flexion from the extended position, the patella moves into what positions?

Back 179

inferiorly, medially and then returns lateral

Front 180

during extension from the flexed position, the patella moves into what positions?

Back 180

superiorly, laterally and then returns medially

Front 181

during flexion of the knee from 0-30º, the patella glides and tilts in what direction?

Back 181

medially

Front 182

during flexion of the knee greater than 30º, the patella glides, tilts, and rotates in what direction?

Back 182

laterally

Front 183

when the knee is extended, the patella becomes slightly displaced in what direction?

Back 183

lateral

Front 184

what are three things that can be caused when the patella fails to glide, rotate, or tilt appropriately?

Back 184

(1) restriction in knee joint ROM
(2) instability of the patellofemoral joint
(3) pain caused by the erosion of joint surfaces

Front 185

with increasing knee flexion, does the area of contact of the patella increase or decrease?

Back 185

increase

Front 186

with increasing knee flexion, does the area of contact of the patella shift distally or proximally?

Back 186

proximally

Front 187

in what position of knee flexion/extension does the patella rest above the intercondylar groove against the suprapatellar fat pad?

Back 187

0º extension

Front 188

in what position of knee flexion do the odd facet and lateral facet of the patella contact the femur?

Back 188

135º

Front 189

in what position of knee flexion does the patella sink into the intercondylar notch and the inferior facet articulate with the infrapatellar fat pad?

Back 189

full knee flexion

Front 190

what are the five factors that influence the joint reaction force on the patellofemoral joint?

Back 190

(1) quadriceps muscle force
(2) size of contact area between patella and femur
(3) external moment arm of the body segment
(4) position of tibia
(5) other tissues that dissipate force

Front 191

for patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome, what type of activities/what range of knee flexion do you want to avoid?

Back 191

open chain activities with knee flexion angles 0-45º, closed chain activities with flexion angles 60-90º

Front 192

with increased knee __, body weight shifts farther away from the center of rotation

Back 192

flexion

Front 193

in a squat (causing increased knee flexion and the body weight to shift farther away from the center of rotation), what are four consequences?

Back 193

(1) increased external knee flexor moment
(2) increased internal knee extensor moment
(3) increased patellofemoral JRF
(4) increased patellofemoral joint stress

Front 194

in the sagittal plane, what are the four actions that occur during gait?

Back 194

(1) heel contact (knee flexed slightly)
(2) knee reaches almost full extension
(3) heel off, knee begins to flex again
(4) knee then extends again to almost full knee extension just prior to heel strike

Front 195

at heel contact, how many degrees is the knee flexed?

Back 195

5º

Front 196

during heel contact, from an initial position of 5º of flexion, how much farther does the knee flex to before it begins to extend prior to heel off?

Back 196

up to 10-15º

Front 197

how much is the knee flexed at toe off during gait?

Back 197

35º

Front 198

how much is the knee maximally flexed to at mid-swing during gait?

Back 198

60º

Front 199

do children tend to walk in a more flexed or more extended pattern?

Back 199

flexed

Front 200

about how many degrees of tibial abduction/adduction occurs in the frontal plane during the gait cycle?

Back 200

5º

Front 201

approximately how much rotation occurs at the tibiofemoral joint in the horizontal plane during gait?

Back 201

8-9º

Front 202

what motion does the tibia do from heel strike until 20% of the gait cycle?

Back 202

internal rotation

Front 203

what motion does the tibia do from 20% of the gait cycle until toe off?

Back 203

external rotation

Front 204

what motion does the tibia do from toe off through the swing phase?

Back 204

internal rotation

Front 205

what are three deviations that the knee can do during the gait cycle?

Back 205

(1) knee remaining extended (due to weak quads or arthritis)
(2) genu recurvatum
(3) varus thrust (ligamentous laxity or general LE weakness)

Front 206

during running, how far does the knee flex during absorption of stance?

Back 206

45º

Front 207

the knee extends during stance to a max of how many degrees of flexion during running at propulsion?

Back 207

25º

Front 208

what is the maximum degrees of knee flexion during the swing phase of running?

Back 208

90º

Front 209

what is the maximum degrees of knee flexion during the swing phase of sprinting?

Back 209

105º

Front 210

the knee extends during stance to a max of how many degrees of flexion during sprinting at propulsion?

Back 210

20º

Front 211

during running, what muscle group contracts eccentrically to assist in shock absorption in the acceptance of stance phase?

Back 211

quadriceps

Front 212

during running, what muscle group decelerates the limb during the late swing phase?

Back 212

hamstrings

Front 213

this alignment of the knee is when the distal segment is toward the midline and the legs form an "O"

Back 213

varum

Front 214

is genu varus more commonly seen in males or females?

Back 214

males

Front 215

is genu valgus more commonly seen in males or females?

Back 215

females

Front 216

genu recurvatum is commonly seen in individuals with what type of posture?

Back 216

swayback

Front 217

tibial torsion is considered normal at what degree of external tibial torsion?

Back 217

15º

Front 218

tibial torsion is considered abnormal at what degree of external tibial torsion?

Back 218

greater than 30º

Front 219

what are three things that can cause osteoarthritis in the knee later in life?

Back 219

(1) injury to the meniscus/ACL
(2) injury changes the PICR of the knee, leading to changes in joint surface contact
(3) degenerative changes occurring from wear and tear to the joint over time

Front 220

this is the restriction unique to each joint that indicates irritation of the entire synovial membrane or joint capsule, as occurs ith an active inflammatory process or degenerative joint changes

Back 220

capsular pattern/proportional limitation

Front 221

a limitation of movement or a pattern of pain at a joint that occurs in a predictable pattern

Back 221

capsular pattern/proportional limitation

Front 222

limitations in motion at a joint that do not fall into predictable patterns

Back 222

noncapsular patterns

Front 223

what is the ratio of female to male incidence of patellofemoral joint dysfunction?

Back 223

2:1

Front 224

what are the three most common causes of patellofemoral joint dysfunction?

Back 224

(1) internal rotation of the femur
(2) external rotation of the tibia
(3) lateral tracking of the patella

Front 225

what are four muscle and soft tissue contributions to patellofemoral joint dysfunction?

Back 225

(1) short ITB/TFL
(2) poor performance of hip lateral rotators
(3) laxity of medial retinacular fibers
(4) poor performance of vastus medialis oblique

Front 226

what are two bone characteristics that can cause patellofemoral joint dysfunction?

Back 226

(1) shallow intercondylar groove
(2) abnormally sized patella (too small or large)

Front 227

what are five alignment contributions that could cause patellofemoral joint dysfunction?

Back 227

(1) abnormal patellar positioning
(2) increased Q angle
(3) increased genu valgum
(4) excessive hip anteversion
(5) excessive external tibial torsion

Front 228

during active sitting knee extension against resistance, which stabilizing structure of the knee is being stressed?

Back 228

ACL resists excessive anterior glide of the tibia

Front 229

if a patient had an injury to the ACL, which form of exercise to strengthen the quads could place too much stress on the injured tissue, tibial on femoral extension (Open chain) or femoral on tibial extension (closed chain)?

Back 229

tibial on femoral extension-active quads produces an anterior shear on the tibia, straining the ACL

Front 230

which form of exercise, tibial on femoral extension or femoral on tibial extension, might be considered safer for the knee joint if there was an ACL injury?

Back 230

femoral on tibial extension, partial squat from 0-45º

Front 231

what are two theories that could help explain why femoral on tibial extension from 0-45º could be safer for an injured ACL?

Back 231

(1) co-contractions of quads and hamstrings decrease the chance for excessive anterior movement of the tibia on the femur
(2) in the weight-bearing position, compression assists in reducing translation between the tibia and femur

Front 232

what are two alignment faults at the hip that could contribute to excessive knee valgus when someone partially squats?

Back 232

(1) hip medial rotation
(2) hip adduction

Front 233

what are three alignment faults at the knee that could contribute to excessive knee valgus when someone partially squats?

Back 233

(1) valgus alignment
(2) tibial medial rotation
(3) tibial lateral rotation
(rotation is dependent on movement of the foot)

Front 234

what is the alignment fault at the ankle that could contribute to excessive knee valgus when someone partially squats?

Back 234

pronation

Front 235

what is the alignment fault at the great toe that could contribute to excessive knee valgus when someone partially squats?

Back 235

hallux valgus

Front 236

what are three structural faults that could easily be associated with the faulty movement of excessive valgus at the knee when someone partially squats?

Back 236

(1) hip anteversion
(2) knee valgus alignment
(3) tibial torsion

Front 237

what type of muscle contraction is the quad doing when someone ascends stairs?

Back 237

concentric

Front 238

what type of muscle contraction is the quad doing when someone is descending stairs?

Back 238

eccentric

Front 239

what type of muscle contraction is the quad doing when someone is performing a sit to stand transfer?

Back 239

concentric

Front 240

what type of muscle contraction is the quad doing when someone is performing a stand to sit transfer?

Back 240

eccentric

Front 241

what type of contraction is the gluteus maximus doing when someone is ascending stairs?

Back 241

concentric

Front 242

what type of contraction is the gluteus maximus doing when someone is descending stairs?

Back 242

eccentric

Front 243

what type of contraction is the gluteus maximus doing when someone is doing a sit to stand transfer?

Back 243

concentric

Front 244

what type of contraction is the gluteus maximus doing when someone is doing a stand to sit transfer?

Back 244

eccentric

Front 245

which hamstrings contribute to medial rotation of the tibia?

Back 245

semimembranosus and semitendinosus

Front 246

which hamstrings contribute to lateral rotation of the tibia?

Back 246

biceps femoris

Front 247

what are four structures that are stressed at end range knee flexion?

Back 247

(1) patellofemoral joint-compression
(2) PCL-tension
(3) ACL (some fibers)-tension
(4) menisci-compression and shear

Front 248

what are five structures that are stressed with repetitive tibiofemoral rotation (tibial lateral rotation on the femur)?

Back 248

(1) MCL
(2) menisci
(3) articular cartilage of patella and femur
(4) medial rotators of knee
(5) possibly LCL but not in all cases

Front 249

what are 6 structures that are stressed in individuals that chronically hyperextend their knee?

Back 249

(1) ACL
(2) posterior capsule (with arcuate and oblique popliteal ligs)
(3) posterior musculature
(4) MCL
(5) LCL
(6) some fibers of the PCL

Front 250

in what three directions is the acetabulum oriented?

Back 250

(1) laterally
(2) inferiorly
(3) anteriorly

Front 251

what are three functions of the acetabular labrum?

Back 251

(1) aids in stability of the hip joint
(2) deepens acetabular socket
(3) increases contact area with femur, decreases contact stress

Front 252

this angle is the extent to which the acetabulum covers the femoral head within the FRONTAL plane

Back 252

center edge angle

Front 253

what is the normal range of hip center edge angle in adults?

Back 253

35-40º

Front 254

if there is a decreased center edge angle, what type of instability will someone experience at their hip?

Back 254

lateral instability

Front 255

this angle is the extent to which the acetabulum surrounds the femoral head within the HORIZONTAL plane

Back 255

acetabular anteversion angle

Front 256

what is the normal acetabular anteversion angle in adults?

Back 256

20º

Front 257

if there is a decreased acetabular anteversion angle at the hip, what will someone experience anteriorly and posteriorly at the hip joint?

Back 257

anteriorly-impingement
posteriorly-instability

Front 258

the lateral trabecular system of the femoral head is due to what type of stress?

Back 258

muscle contraction

Front 259

the medial trabecular system of the femoral head is due to what type of stress?

Back 259

body weight/compression

Front 260

this axis of the femur that is parallel to the shaft

Back 260

anatomical axis

Front 261

axis of the femur that runs from the center of the femoral head to the center of the femoral condyles

Back 261

mechanical axis

Front 262

what is the range of angle formed between the mechanical and anatomical axes of the femur?

Back 262

10-15º

Front 263

this is the angle within the FRONTAL plane between the femoral neck and the medial side of the femoral shaft

Back 263

angle of inclination

Front 264

what is the normal angle of inclination in a newborn?

Back 264

140-150º

Front 265

what is the normal angle of inclination in an adult?

Back 265

125º

Front 266

this angle is the relative rotation (twist) that exists between the shaft and the neck of the femur in the TRANSVERSE plane

Back 266

angle of declination

Front 267

what is the normal angle of declination range in an infant?

Back 267

30-35º

Front 268

what is the normal angle of declination range in an adult?

Back 268

15-19º

Front 269

what type of joint is the hip joint?

Back 269

ball and socket

Front 270

how many degrees of freedom are allowed at the hip joint?

Back 270

3

Front 271

what are four factors that contribute to hip joint stability?

Back 271

(1) shape
(2) intracapsular pressure (suction resists distraction)
(3) muscles
(4) capsule and ligaments

Front 272

in what area is the capsule of the hip joint thickest?

Back 272

anterosuperiorly

Front 273

in what area is the capsule of the hip joint thinnest?

Back 273

posteroinferiorly

Front 274

this ligament of the hip joint primarily resists extension and assists in resisting medial rotation, and is located anteriorly

Back 274

iliofemoral ligament

Front 275

this ligament of the hip joint resists abduction and is located anteriorly

Back 275

pubofemoral ligament

Front 276

this ligament of the hip joint primarily resists medial rotation, and assists in resisting extension and is located posteriorly

Back 276

ischiofemoral

Front 277

what three positions is the hip in when it is considered "close packed"?

Back 277

(1) full extension
(2) slight medial rotation
(3) slight abduction

Front 278

this is the mid position of the hip joint

Back 278

central position

Front 279

what three positions is the hip in when it is in its central position?

Back 279

(1) 90º flexion
(2) slight abduction
(3) slight lateral rotation

Front 280

what three positions is the hip in when it is considered "loose packed"?

Back 280

(1) 15º flexion
(2) 15º abduction
(3) 15º lateral rotation

Front 281

what are three landmarks that are helpful for determining the hip's center of rotation?

Back 281

(1) medial to the superior edge of the greater trochanter
(2) inferior to the middle 1/3 of the inguinal ligament
(3) lateral and inferior to the body's center of mass

Front 282

this describes the motion of the body without regard to forces or torques that may produce motion

Back 282

kinematics

Front 283

this describes the motion of bones relative to the three cardinal planes of the body

Back 283

osteokinematics

Front 284

this describes the motion that occurs between articular surfaces of a joint

Back 284

arthrokinematics

Front 285

in arthrokinematics, when the surface is convex on concave, are the roll and slide the same or opposite?

Back 285

opposite

Front 286

in arthrokinematics, when the surface is concave on convex, are the roll and slide the same or opposite?

Back 286

same

Front 287

with the knee flexed, about how many degrees of hip flexion is normal?

Back 287

120º

Front 288

with the knee extended, about how many degrees of hip flexion is normal?

Back 288

80º

Front 289

what accessory motion is occurring at the hip joint when hip flexion is occurring?

Back 289

spin

Front 290

what are three limits to hip flexion with the knee flexed?

Back 290

(1) gluteus maximus
(2) posteroinferior capsule
(3) big abdomen or thigh

Front 291

what is the main limit to hip flexion with the knee extended?

Back 291

hamstrings

Front 292

what accessory motion is occurring at the hip joint when the hip is extending?

Back 292

spin

Front 293

what are four limits to hip extension with the knee extended?

Back 293

(1) anterior capsule
(2) iliofemoral ligament
(3) ischiofemoral ligament [to some degree]
(4) iliopsoas

Front 294

how many degrees of abduction can the hip achieve?

Back 294

40º

Front 295

which directions are the roll and glide when the hip is abducting?

Back 295

superior roll, inferior glide

Front 296

what are the two limits to abduction of the hip?

Back 296

(1) pubofemoral ligament
(2) adductor muscles

Front 297

how many degrees of adduction can the hip achieve?

Back 297

25º

Front 298

in what plane does abduction and adduction of the hip occur?

Back 298

frontal

Front 299

which directions are the roll and glide when the hip is adducting?

Back 299

inferior roll, superior glide

Front 300

what are the three limits of hip adduction?

Back 300

(1) TFL/ITB (especially if short)
(2) short glut med and other abductors
(3) stiff/short lateral capsule

Front 301

in what plane does medial and lateral rotation of the hip occur?

Back 301

transverse

Front 302

about how many degrees of medial rotation can the hip achieve?

Back 302

30-35º

Front 303

which directions are the roll and glide in hip medial rotation?

Back 303

anterior roll, posterior glide

Front 304

what are the four limits to hip medial rotation?

Back 304

(1) posterior capsule
(2) ischiofemoral ligament
(3) iliofemoral ligament [to some degree]
(4) deep lateral rotators

Front 305

about how many degrees of lateral rotation can the hip achieve?

Back 305

35º

Front 306

which directions are the roll and glide in hip lateral rotation?

Back 306

posterior roll, anterior glide

Front 307

what is the limit to hip lateral rotation?

Back 307

no TRUE limit, but depending on the leg position, the muscles that medially rotate the leg

Front 308

this type of lumbopelvic rhythm occurs when the pelvis and lumbar spine rotate in the same direction, causing hip flexion

Back 308

ipsidirectional

Front 309

this type of lumbopelvic rhythm occurs when the pelvis rotates in one direction while the lumbar spine simultaneously rotates in the opposite direction, causing pelvic tilt

Back 309

contradirectional

Front 310

in anterior pelvic tilt, what position is the hip in?

Back 310

flexion

Front 311

in anterior pelvic tilt, what position is the lumbar spine in?

Back 311

extension

Front 312

in posterior pelvic tilt, what position is the hip in?

Back 312

extension

Front 313

in posterior pelvic tilt, what position is the lumbar spine in?

Back 313

flexion

Front 314

when the hip is abducting, is the spine convex or concave toward the side of the abducting hip?

Back 314

convex

Front 315

when the hip is adducting, is the spine convex or concave toward the side of the adducting hip?

Back 315

concave

Front 316

when the pelvis is rotating clockwise over the right LE, is the hip medially or laterally rotating?

Back 316

medially

Front 317

when the pelvis is rotating counterclockwise over the right LE, is the hip medially or laterally rotating?

Back 317

laterally

Front 318

when the hip is in full flexion, is the adductor longus a hip flexor or extensor?

Back 318

extensor

Front 319

when the hip is in full extension, is the adductor longus a hip flexor or extensor?

Back 319

flexor

Front 320

are more lateral rotators of the hip available with the hip fully flexed or extended?

Back 320

extended

Front 321

the moment arm for the medial rotators of the hip increases in what hip position?

Back 321

flexion

Front 322

does the moment arm for the lateral rotators of the hip increase or decrease in hip flexion?

Back 322

decrease

Front 323

the hip extended position favors which rotators of the hip?

Back 323

lateral

Front 324

the hip flexed position favors which rotators of the hip?

Back 324

medial

Front 325

do the hip medial and lateral rotators test stronger in the sitting or standing position?

Back 325

sitting (hip flexed to 90º)

Front 326

does a flexed or extended knee increase hamstring ability to generate hip extension force?

Back 326

extended

Front 327

does a flexed or extended knee increase the rectus femoris' ability to generate hip flexion force?

Back 327

flexed

Front 328

does the extension moment of the hip increase or decrease as the hip moves from 90º of hip flexion to 0º?

Back 328

decreases

Front 329

the abduction moment of the hip is __% less at 25º of abduction than at 0º of abduction, because the muscle is shortening and there is a greater overlap of actin and myosin

Back 329

60%

Front 330

at the hip, these are formed when two or more muscles simultaneously produce forces in different linear directions, although the torque acts in the same rotary direction

Back 330

force couple

Front 331

a force couple of what two muscle groups work to anteriorly tilt the pelvis?

Back 331

back extensors and hip flexors

Front 332

a force couple of what two muscle groups act to posteriorly tilt the pelvis?

Back 332

abdominals and hip extensors

Front 333

what two groups of muscles are short when someone is in a kyphosis-lordosis posture?

Back 333

hip flexors and back extensors

Front 334

what two groups of muscles are long when someone is in a kyphosis-lordosis posture?

Back 334

abdominals and maybe hip extensors

Front 335

what group of muscles is short when someone is in a swayback posture?

Back 335

hamstrings

Front 336

what two groups of muscles are long when a person is in a swayback posture?

Back 336

hip flexors and back extensors

Front 337

this describes the effect of forces on the body and how body weight and muscle contractions contribute to joint forces

Back 337

kinetics

Front 338

when a person is standing on both lower extremities, there is little muscle activity required and the forces are balanced; what is the total compressive force through each femoral head?

Back 338

60 pounds

Front 339

when a person is standing on one lower extremity, greater muscle activity is required and the compressive forces are imbalanced; what is the total compressive force on one hip joint?

Back 339

450 pounds

Front 340

what are three ways to decrease hip joint forces?

Back 340

(1) decrease body weight
(2) altering the line of gravity (thereby changing muscle activity)
(3) using an assistive device

Front 341

what is the general equation that describes the balance of muscle force and body weight at the hip?

Back 341

GM (glut med) + D=body weight (BW) + D1
D=moment arm

Front 342

what are the three subphases of the stance phase of gait?

Back 342

(1) initial contact
(2) midstance
(3) terminal stance

Front 343

what percentage of the gait cycle is the stance phase?

Back 343

60%

Front 344

what percentage of the gait cycle is the swing phase?

Back 344

40%

Front 345

what percentage of the gait cycle is the initial contact?

Back 345

10%

Front 346

what percentage of the gait cycle is midstance?

Back 346

40%

Front 347

what percentage of the gait cycle is the terminal stance?

Back 347

10%

Front 348

during what part of the stance phase of gait cycle is loading occurring?

Back 348

initial contact

Front 349

during what part of the stance phase of gait cycle is unloading occurring?

Back 349

terminal stance

Front 350

during initial contact in gait, how much hip flexion is there?

Back 350

30º

Front 351

during terminal stance/push-off in gait, how much hip extension is there?

Back 351

10-20º

Front 352

during gait, how much abduction and adducting is allowed at the hip?

Back 352

5º

Front 353

during gait, how much internal and external rotation are allowed at the hip?

Back 353

5-7º

Front 354

this type of gait occurs when there are weak abductors and there is an opposite side hip drop

Back 354

trendelenburg

Front 355

this type of gait deviation occurs when there is a weak gluteus medius and the person compensates by shifting the trunk over the weak side to place the center of gravity over the hip joint

Back 355

gluteus medius lurch

Front 356

this gait deviation occurs when there is a weak gluteus maximus and the person compensates by shifting the trunk posteriorly to maintain hip extension

Back 356

gluteus maximus lurch

Front 357

generally speaking, there are increased ranges of motion and increased magnitudes of forces at the hip in running or walking?

Back 357

running

Front 358

in the sagittal plane, what are two parameters that are increased with increased speed during running?

Back 358

(1) pelvic tilt
(2) maximal hip flexion

Front 359

when does maximal hip extension occur during running?

Back 359

toe off

Front 360

what motion does the hip do during running during the 2nd half of the swing phase to prepare for initial contact? (this gets the foot closer to the COG, causing the need for deceleration not to be so strong)

Back 360

extension

Front 361

what is the initial goal when coming from sit to stand?

Back 361

positioning the center of gravity over the base of support

Front 362

what two things does positioning the center of gravity over the base of support in sit to stand require?

Back 362

(1) leaning trunk forward (hip and lumbar spine flexion)
(2) feet back (flex knees/dorsiflex ankles)

Front 363

when someone is coming from sit to stand, what movement is occurring at the hip, knee, and lumbar spine to get the person to standing?

Back 363

extension

Front 364

what two muscles are primarily used when someone is coming from sit to stand?

Back 364

gluteus maximus and hamstrings

Front 365

at the end of the motion of coming from sit to stand, what is the main movement that is occurring?

Back 365

lumbar extension

Front 366

when is the peak moment in the hips and the knees (most muscle activity) when coming from sit to stand?

Back 366

at the beginning of rising

Front 367

what are three causes of someone initiating sit to stand with excessive hip flexion?

Back 367

(1) stiff ankles/short heel cords
(2) Long legs
(3) weak quadriceps

Front 368

what are four remedies that can be used in someone that initiates with excessive hip flexion in coming from sit to stand?

Back 368

(1) feet back but stay on balls of feet
(2) higher chair
(3) scoot farther forward
(4) use armrests

Front 369

what are two things that can cause someone to scoot forward in their chair with excessive lumbar flexion or rotation when coming from sit to stand?

Back 369

(1) stiff hips
(2) habit

Front 370

what are four remedies that can be used in someone that uses excessive lumbar flexion or rotation when coming from sit to stand?

Back 370

(1) scoot to edge and straddle feet
(2) practice
(3) higher chair
(4) arm rests

Front 371

what are three causes of someone straightening with hip adduction and medial rotation when coming from sit to stand?

Back 371

(1) habit
(2) weak quadriceps
(3) weak abductors/lateral rotators

Front 372

what is a remedy for someone that comes up with excessive adduction and medial rotation when coming from sit to stand?

Back 372

teaching them to get up with their knees over their feet (practice optimal alignment)

Front 373

what are two causes of someone coming up with excessive lumbar extension in coming from sit to stand?

Back 373

(1) habit
(2) weak gluteals/quadriceps

Front 374

what are two remedies that can be used in someone who straightens with excessive lumbar extension when coming up from sit to stand?

Back 374

(1) strengthen weak gluteals and quadriceps
(2) extend more at hips and knees instead of their back

Front 375

what type of lumbopelvic rhythm is seen in normal forward bending?

Back 375

ipsidirectional

Front 376

what is the first thing that occurs when someone is preparing to forward bend?

Back 376

hips shift backwards (preparing to move COG forward)

Front 377

what is the final range of motion of the hips at the end of a forward bend?

Back 377

70-80º

Front 378

what is the final range of motion of the lumbar spine at the end of a forward bend?

Back 378

0-20º

Front 379

if someone seems to have a left iliac crest higher than the right when the feet are together but the iliac crests are level when the feet come apart, what could be the cause?

Back 379

the right hip abductors are stiffer than the left hip abductors (when the feet come apart, the right abductors are stretched)

Front 380

are you able to correct a structural fault?

Back 380

NO, you need to compensate/modify activities, can't fix the structural fault

Front 381

what is the normal angle of inclination in adults?

Back 381

about 125º

Front 382

what plane of motion is the angle of inclination in?

Back 382

frontal

Front 383

this abnormality is a decreased angle of inclination

Back 383

coxa vara

Front 384

in coxa vara, in what two directions does the weight bearing surface of the femur move?

Back 384

superiorly and laterally

Front 385

what are two positive biomechanical effects that can occur as a result of coxa vara?

Back 385

(1) increased moment arm for the gluteus medius (decreased muscle force, therefore decreased JRFs)
(2) joint stability may be improved

Front 386

what are three negative biomechanical effects that can occur as a result of coxa vara?

Back 386

(1) increasing bending moment arm, causing increased shear force across the femoral neck
(2) decreased functional length of hip abductors
(3) decreased axial forces through the shaft of the femur (shaft farther away from the head)

Front 387

what are three things seen in a clinical examination of someone with coxa vara?

Back 387

(1) leg length short (if unilateral)
(2) prominence of greater trochanter (typically in women with a wider pelvis)
(3) restricted hip abduction

Front 388

what are three possible treatments for someone with coxa vara?

Back 388

(1) lift in involved side
(2) support between knees or under waist while in sidelying
(3) correct for excessive hip adduction

Front 389

this structural deformity is an increased angle of inclination

Back 389

coxa valga

Front 390

in coxa valga, which way does the weight bearing surface of the femur shift?

Back 390

medially

Front 391

what are three positive biomechanical effects that occur as a result of coxa valga?

Back 391

(1) decreased bending moment arm, decreased shear across femoral neck
(2) increased functional length of hip abductor muscles
(3) increased axial forces through head of femur

Front 392

what are two negative biomechanical effects that occur as a result of coxa valga?

Back 392

(1) decreased moment arm for gluteus medius (causing it to work harder, increasing the JRFs)
(2) alightnment may favor dislocation

Front 393

what are two signs that show up in an examination of someone with coxa valga?

Back 393

(1) leg length (long)
(2) narrow look

Front 394

what are two treatments for someone that exhibits coxa valga?

Back 394

(1) leg lift on uninvolved side
(2) strengthen hip abductors

Front 395

this structural deformity is considered excessive femoral rotation in the medial direction

Back 395

femoral anteversion

Front 396

a hip is considered anteverted if the angle of declination is greater than what degree?

Back 396

>19º

Front 397

what type of sitting is comfortable for someone that is femorally anteverted?

Back 397

W-sitting

Front 398

if a person is femorally anteverted, what type of hip rotation will be excessive and what will be limited?

Back 398

excessive medial/internal rotation, limited lateral/external rotation

Front 399

this structural fault is when someone has a decreased angle of declination

Back 399

femoral retroversion

Front 400

what movement of the hip does someone who is femorally retroverted appear to have excessive amounts of?

Back 400

lateral rotation (in prone)

Front 401

what is the angle of declination below which someone is considered to have femoral retroversion?

Back 401

less than 14º

Front 402

what are four possible accessory joint movement impairments at the hip?

Back 402

(1) anterior glide (may have anterior hip pain)
(2) posterior glide (may have posterior hip pain)
(3) anterior or posterior glide with medial rotation
(4) compression (may have deep hip pain/ache)

Front 403

which muscles have better control over precise hip motion, the ones that insert more proximally or distally?

Back 403

proximally

Front 404

what are two possible contributing factors to anterior hip joint forces?

Back 404

(1) structure-less coverage from the acetabulum
(2) labrum is thinner on the anterior aspect

Front 405

what three positions is someone in when they have a swayback posture?

Back 405

(1) posterior pelvic tilt
(2) hip joint extension
(3) knee hyperextension

Front 406

what is someone with a swayback posture set up for as far as hip injuries go?

Back 406

a labral tear