Kin 122 After Midterm

Front 1

What are the 3 approaches to the study of personality?

Back 1

1. Biological theories-emphasis on person

2.Trait theories-emphasis on person

3.Interactionist theories-emphasis on perosn and envrionment

Front 2

Whats Sheldon's Constitutional theory?

Back 2

Ectomorph=Cerebrotonia(tense introverted)

Endomorph= Viscertonia(affectionate and sociable)

Mesomorph=somatotonic(adventurous)

Front 3

What is Hans Eysenck's P-E-N personality theory?

Back 3

Psychoticism superego-hormonal function, heightened aggressiveness

Extraversion introversion-base level arousal in cortex dictates weather person in extra or introvert

Neuroticism- Stability-associated with limbic system and NS, High neurotic individuals

Front 4

What is the Big 5

Back 4

Openess to experience

Conscientiousness-being determined

Extraversion-having energetic approach to the world

Agreeableness- compliance

Neuroticisim- feelings of tension

Front 5

What is anxiety?

Back 5

A discrete emotion resulting from uncertainty about what will happen

Front 6

What's the difference between trait anxiety and state anxiety

Back 6

State anxiety- associated with worries and apprehension that change from moment to moment

Trait anxiety- individuals general tendency to experience elevation in state anxiety when exposed to stressors

Front 7

What the 2 components of anxiety?

Back 7

1. cognitive anxiety-relfects concerns/worries and reduced ability to focus/concentrate

2. Somatic anxiety-perception of physiological and affective elements

Front 8

WHat is Multidimensional Anxiety theory (MAT)?

Back 8

Describes the relationship between components of anxiety and sport performance

addresses how the relationship between cognitive and somatic components of anxiety and sport performance and how anxiety may change across phases of competition

Front 9

What's the zones of optimal functioning theory

Back 9

Best sport performances are likely to occur with optimal levels off state anxiety and that optimal level is a zone

Front 10

Look at Page 18 lecture 8.0

Back 10

for final exam question

Front 11

What are the 4 characteristics of a motor skill?

Back 11

1. there is a goal to acheive

2. performed voluntarily

3. body or limb movement

4. need to be learned

Front 12

What's the differnce between Gross and Fine motor skills

Back 12

Gross motor skills- that involve large muscles, smooth coordinaition of muscles is essential

Fine motor skills- require control of small muscles to achieve a goal

Front 13

What are the 3 one dimensional systems of motor skill classification?

Back 13

1.Size of musculature

2.Distinctiveness of the movements

3. Stability of the environment

Front 14

What are the subsections of Distinctiveness of the movements?

Back 14

Discrete motor skills- clearly defined beginning

Serial motor skills-a series of discrete motor skills performed in a specific order

Continuous motor skills - no obvious beginning or end

Front 15

What are the subsections of stability of the environment?

Back 15

Closed motor skills-self paced task in a stable and predictable environment

Open motor skills• Performed in an ever-changing, unpredictable environment• An externally-paced task

Front 16

Are their skills that are to complex to classify under one dimension?

Back 16

Yes, like boxing, bball , football

Front 17

What are the 2 ways to measure performance outcome?

Back 17

Performance outcome measures - measures the outcome of performing a motor skill

Performance process measures- measures how the aspects of the motor control system are functioning during the performance of an action

Front 18

What is reaction time and what are its 3 sections?

Back 18

RT- time between the presentation of a signal and the initiation of a movement

1. Simple RT -one signal one response

2. Choice RT- more then one signal with its own response

3. Discrimination RT More than one signal, one response

Front 19

What are the 2 parts of reaction time?

Back 19

Pre-motor time- time between the signal and the first change in the activity of the muscle

Motor time- time between first muscle activity and observable moment

Front 20

What are the 3 parts of performance errors?

Back 20

Absolute error- estimate of overall size of the error

Constant error- provides information on overall direction of error

Variable error- standard deviation of performance

Front 21

LOOK at page 55 of 8.0 for varience formula

Back 21

ON 8.0

Front 22

What are the 4 parts of performance process measures?

Back 22

Kinematics-motion qualities with regard to force

Kinetics-internal and external forces on the body

Electromyography-activity in the muscle

Coordination-spatial and temporal relationships of limb segments

Front 23

Look at page 9 on 9.0 for

Back 23

Summary of the information processing model

Front 24

Watch john wall sport science to learn about

Then go to page 30 of 9.0 for more vison

Back 24

Visual system

Front 25

With what do we sense coluor with in the eye?

Back 25

Cones

Front 26

Where is the highest concentration of cones found?

Back 26

Fovea centralis

Front 27

Rods and cones synapse with what?

Back 27

Bipolar cells

Front 28

Bipolar cells synapse with what?

Back 28

Ganglion cells

Front 29

The axons of the ganglion cells form what?

Back 29

Optic nerve

Front 30

Light rays are refracted and bent as they pass through....

Back 30

Cornea, pupil and lens

Front 31

What is the function of the sclera?

Back 31

Maintain shape of the eye

Front 32

What do the aqueous humor and vitreous humor do?

Back 32

Help refract light rays

Front 33

Look at page 45 on 9.0 for functions

Back 33

Of the eye

Front 34

What are some factors that can affect performance?

Back 34

Reflexes, Maturation, Luck, Strong teamates

Front 35

What should we look for to indicate wheater or not learning has occured

Back 35

Change over time

More consisten performance

Change is relatively permanent

Front 36

What are different forms of practice?

Back 36

Real

Imagery/mental practice

Observational/vicarious learning

Front 37

What is the transfer of learning?

Back 37

The influence of having a previously practiced a skill on the learning of a new skill

Front 38

What are the types of transfer learning?

Back 38

Positive transfer- previous skill facilitates learning of a new skill

Negative transfer- previous skill interferes with a new skill

Zero transfer- previous skill has no effect on learning of a new skill

Front 39

When will positive transfer most likely occur?

Back 39

When the components of the skills are similar

there are similarities between the learning processes required

Front 40

When will negative transfer most likely occur?

Back 40

There are changes in spatial location required

There are changes in timing required

Front 41

What are 3 instructional methods for promoting transfer?

Back 41

1. provide contextual interferance (Practice several different skills during practice)

2.Vary the type of practice(one skill in a variety of ways)

3.Reduce frequency of feedback (forces learner to do active problem solving)

Front 42

Whats the difference between blocked practice and random practice?

Back 42

Blocked practice -task is practice on many consecutive trails before next task

Random practice- ordering of tasks is randomized during practice

Front 43

Whats a closed skill?

Back 43

practice conditions should be similar to those that will prevail under competition conditions

Front 44

Whats open skill?

Back 44

Each response is somewhat novel and requires movement patterns that can be used in a vaiety of situations

Front 45

What is qualitative research?

Back 45

understating meanings ascribed by individuals or groups:

Constructivist world view: multiple truths

Front 46

What are the 4 ways to collect qualitative data?

Back 46

Documents-journals meeting minutes

Audiovisual material-vids

Interviews: very common

Observations-noting a phenomenon in the field setting through the sense of the observer

Front 47

What are some types of qualitative interviews?

Back 47

-Structured, semi-structured, conversational

-One-on-one, focus group

-face-to face, telephone , internet

Front 48

Interview questions should be...

Back 48

Open -ended

clear, singular

include follow-up probes as needed

pseudonym=fake names

Front 49

What is augmented feedback?

Back 49

Information about performance that comes from an outside source

Front 50

What is knowledge of results (KR) and knowledge of performance(KP) ?

Back 50

KR-knowledge about the outcome

KP-knowledge of performance

Front 51

What is the purpose of augmented feedback?

Back 51

1. Provides info for error identification and correction

2.Acts as a form of reinforcement=strengthens correct responses

3. Serves to motivate the learner=provides info about progress

Front 52

What are 3 things to keep in mind while using augmented feedback?

Back 52

1. Precision of feedback-ca either be to precise or general

2. Content of feed back- feedback can comment on errors or correct performance, also feedback can either be qualitative or quantitiativeW

3. Forms of feedback- verbal, kinematic and kinetic, video, augmented sensory feedback

Front 53

Which type of feedback is more effective, qualitative or quantitative ?

Back 53

Qualitative augmented feedback

Front 54

At what stages in the learning process is feedback required most?

Back 54

When the person is Making the most mistakes

Front 55

Can providing feedback ever be detrimental?

Back 55

When there is an over loading of feedback can lean to a dependancy of feedback

Front 56

What are the types of feedback that minimize dependency?

Back 56

1. Faded feedback

2. Band with feedback

3.Summary feedback

Front 57

What is faded feedback?

Back 57

When the degree of skill rises feedback decreases

Benefit: the coach can tailor the feedback to the individual

Front 58

What is bandwidth feedback?

Back 58

When they're out of the range of correctness there is more feedback provided viceversa when in range of correctness

Benefit:lack of feedback=positive reinforcement

Front 59

What is summary feedback?

Back 59

Giving feedback every couple of practices

Benefits: generates consistancy, avoids overloading

Front 60

When in the learning process is feedback needed most?

Back 60

Cognitive stage-feedback is vital

Associative stage- faded bandwidth and summary feedback

Autonomous stage-feedback can be withdrawn

Front 61

Peak performance is a consequence of both .... and ....... factors

Back 61

Physical and mental factors

Front 62

What are the 3 phases of mental skills training programs

Back 62

Education-athletes recognize the importance of mental skills and how they affect mental performance

Acquisition-athletes acquire mental skills and learn how to effectively employ them

Practice- athletes implement mental skills in practice and competition: the goal is to automate the skills through overlearning

Front 63

What is a goal and goal setting?

Back 63

Goal:Target or objective that people strive to attain

Goal setting:the practice of establishing desirable objectives for ones actions

Front 64

How and why does goal setting work?

Back 64

Directs attention

mobilizes effort promotes development of new strategies

Front 65

Wha are the 3 types of goals?

Back 65

Outcome goals-represents standards of performance that focus on the results of a constant between opponents or teams

Performance goals-focus on improvements relative to one's own past performance

Processgoals-specify the procedures in which the athlete must engage in during performance

Front 66

What is the most common strategy used in enhancement of performance

Back 66

Goals

Front 67

What are the 2 categories of relaxtion

Back 67

Muscle to mind-focusing on relieving physical tension, EX> breathing exercise

Mind to muscle-focuses on nerve control to release cognitive anxiety. EX. mediation, autogenic training

Front 68

What is imagery?

Back 68

using ones senses to re-create an experience in the mind

Front 69

What are the 2 Imagery perspectives?

Back 69

External: you see the image from outside your body as if your watching film

Internal: experience images from behind your own eyes in your own body

Front 70

What are the 2 keys to using imagery effectively?

Back 70

Controllability- imagining exactly what was intended

Vividness- how clearly an image is seen and how detailed the image appears

Front 71

What is self talk?

Back 71

Verbalizations or statements that are addressed to the self

Front 72

What 2 functions do self talk serve?

Back 72

1. Instructional- used for skill development

2. motivational- for mastery, arousal and drive

Front 73

When can an athlete use self talk?

Back 73

skill acquisition

preparing for performance

changing bad habits

Front 74

What is cultural sport psychology?

Back 74

a culturally sensitive and relevant approach to sport psychology

Front 75

What are team building intervention strategies?

Back 75

Direct intervention: consultants work directly with athlete

Indirect intervention: consultant works with coach

Front 76

What are some successful team building interventions?

Back 76

Team leaders is coherent and acceptable

members emotionally sign up

group develops positive energetic climate

Front 77

Watch Patrick Chan Vid....

Back 77

ON Pg. 3 of 13.0

Front 78

What are the 4 psychological skills we discussed in class?

Back 78

Relaxation

Self talk

goal setting

imagery