Kidneys, Ureters, And Suprarenal Glands

Front 1

How are the suprarenal/adrenal glands separated from the kidney?

Back 1

Via a weak fascial septum

Front 2

What kind of organ is the suprarenal gland?

Back 2

Neuro-endocrine gland

Front 3

How are the kidneys held in place?

Back 3

Via perinephric fat, renal fascia, periuteric fascia, and paranephric fat

Front 4

Why do the kidneys move during respiration?

Back 4

Because the renal fascia is attached superiorly to the diaphragm

Front 5

What are the functions of the kidneys?

Back 5

- Filters blood
- Regulates fluid and electrolyte balance
- Regulates blood pressure by regulating fluid volume
- Regulates Hct. (via EPO response to oxygen poor blood)

Front 6

Where are the kidneys located?

Back 6

Retroperitoneal (T12-L3)

Front 7

What are the borders of the kidney?

Back 7

Superior: Diaphragm
Posterior: Quadratus lumborum muscle, iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves
Anterior: (R- the liver, duodenum, and ascending colon) and (L- stomach,spleen, pancreas, jejunum, and descending colon)

Front 8

What serves as the entrance into the renal sinus?

Back 8

Renal hilum

Front 9

What is contained in the renal sinus?

Back 9

Renal pelvis, calices, vessels,and nerves

Front 10

Where do the right renal artery pass?

Back 10

Posterior to the IVC

Front 11

Why would blockage to one of the segmental arteries supplying the kidneys cause necrosis?

Back 11

Because these segmental arteries do NOT anastomose

Front 12

List the various segmental arteries that supply the kidney:

Back 12

- Superior/Apical
- Anterosuperior
- Anteroinferior
- Inferior
- Posterior

Front 13

Where do the renal veins exit?

Back 13

The renal hilum

Front 14

Are the renal veins anterior or posterior to the renal arteries?

Back 14

Anterior

Front 15

What do the renal veins drain?

Back 15

The IVC

Front 16

The left renal vein is longer than the right renal vein and receives blood from which 3 veins?

Back 16

1. left suprarenal vein
2. left gonadal vein
3. ascending lumbar vein

Front 17

Describe the flow of fluid through the nephron.

Back 17

Bowman's Capsule
Proximal Tubule
Loop of Henle (desc. and asc.)
Distal Tubule
Collecting Ducts
Minor callices

Front 18

Where are the nephrons contained?

Back 18

The renal pyramids

Front 19

What is the renal pelvis?

Back 19

The flattened, funnel-shaped extension of the superior ureter

Front 20

Describe the anatomical flow from the renal pyramids to the ureter.

Back 20

Renal pyramids
Minor calices
Major calices
Renal Pelvis
Ureter

Front 21

What allows peristalsis to occur at the ureters?

Back 21

Smooth muscle

Front 22

What are the ureters lined with?

Back 22

Transitional epithelium

Front 23

Do the ureters pass anterior or posterior to the bifurcation of the common iliac artery (or the pelvic brim)?

Back 23

Anterior

Front 24

List the 3 constrictions of the ureter.

Back 24

1. Junction of the ureter and renal pelvis
2. Cross brim of pelvic inlet
3. through the wall of urinary bladder

Front 25

What is the arterial supply of the ureters?

Back 25

Primarily via the branches of the renal artery

Secondarily via teh branches of the common iliac, gonadal, or abdominal aorta

Front 26

Where do the veins drain the ureters?

Back 26

Into the renal or gonadal veins

Front 27

What lymph nodes are involved in lymphatic drainage of the ureters?

Back 27

Right or left lumbar lymph nodes
common iliac lymph nodes
internal iliac lymph nodes

Front 28

What surrounds the suprarenal glands?

Back 28

Perinephric fat and renal fascia

Front 29

Which is more apical, the right or left adrenal gland?

Back 29

Right

Front 30

Which adrenal gland contacts the spleen, stomach, pancreas, and left crus of the diaphragm

Back 30

Left

Front 31

Which adrenal gland contacts the IVC and liver (and R crus of diaphragm)

Back 31

Right

Front 32

List the arterial supply of the adrenal glands.

Back 32

1. superior suprarenal artery (from superior phrenic artery)
2. middle suprarenal artery (from abd. aorta)
3. inferior suprarenal artery (from renal artery)

Front 33

Where does venous drainage occur in the adrenal glands?

Back 33

1. right suprarenal vein- into the IVC
2. left suprarenal vein- into the left renal vein

Front 34

Which aspect of the adrenal gland is a mesodermal derivative?

Back 34

Cortex

Front 35

The medulla of the adrenal gland is derived from what?

Back 35

Neuroectoderm

Front 36

What are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex (and what do they secrete)?

Back 36

1. zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids)
2. zona fasciculata (glucocorticoids)
3. zona reticularis (androgens)

Front 37

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Back 37

Norepinephrine/Epinephrine

Front 38

Where do the renal lymphatic vessels drain?

Back 38

Into the lumbar (aortic and caval) lymph nodes

Front 39

Where do the lymph vessels of the superior ureter drain?

Back 39

Into the lumbar (aortic and caval) lymph nodes

Front 40

where do the middle ureter lymph ndoes drain?

Back 40

Into the common iliac nodes

Front 41

Where do teh inferior ureter lymph nodes drain?

Back 41

Into the internal iliac nodes

Front 42

Where do the lymph vessels from the suprarenal gland drain into?

Back 42

The lumbar nodes

Front 43

Why do the kidneys need to be innervated?

Back 43

For bloodflow, which regulates blood pressure

Front 44

How is the kidney innervated?

Back 44

Via the renal nerve plexus (contains both symp. and parasymp. fibers)

Front 45

How is the renal nerve plexus supplied?

Back 45

Via the abdominopelvic splanchic nerves

Front 46

Which adrenal gland contacts the IVC and liver (and R crus of diaphragm)

Back 46

Right

Front 47

List the arterial supply of the adrenal glands.

Back 47

1. superior suprarenal artery (from superior phrenic artery)
2. middle suprarenal artery (from abd. aorta)
3. inferior suprarenal artery (from renal artery)

Front 48

Where does venous drainage occur in the adrenal glands?

Back 48

1. right suprarenal vein- into the IVC
2. left suprarenal vein- into the left renal vein

Front 49

Which aspect of the adrenal gland is a mesodermal derivative?

Back 49

Cortex

Front 50

The medulla of the adrenal gland is derived from what?

Back 50

Neuroectoderm

Front 51

What are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex (and what do they secrete)?

Back 51

1. zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids)
2. zona fasciculata (glucocorticoids)
3. zona reticularis (androgens)

Front 52

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Back 52

Norepinephrine/Epinephrine

Front 53

Where do the renal lymphatic vessels drain?

Back 53

Into the lumbar (aortic and caval) lymph nodes

Front 54

Where do the lymph vessels of the superior ureter drain?

Back 54

Into the lumbar (aortic and caval) lymph nodes

Front 55

where do the middle ureter lymph ndoes drain?

Back 55

Into the common iliac nodes

Front 56

Where do teh inferior ureter lymph nodes drain?

Back 56

Into the internal iliac nodes

Front 57

Where do the lymph vessels from the suprarenal gland drain into?

Back 57

The lumbar nodes

Front 58

Why do the kidneys need to be innervated?

Back 58

For bloodflow, which regulates blood pressure

Front 59

How is the kidney innervated?

Back 59

Via the renal nerve plexus (contains both symp. and parasymp. fibers)

Front 60

How is the renal nerve plexus supplied?

Back 60

Via the abdominopelvic splanchic nerves

Front 61

Is pain felt in the ureters well localized?

Back 61

No- you will feel pain along the entire ipsilateral side via the visceral afferent fibers

Front 62

How are the ureters innervated?

Back 62

Via the renal, abdominal aorta, and superior hypogastric plexi

Front 63

How are the adrenal glands innervated?

Back 63

Via cervical plexus and abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves

Front 64

The presynaptic sympathetic fibers in the adrenal gland innervate what cells?

Back 64

Chromaffin cells in teh medulla (which act as post-ganglionic fibers and release epinephrine and norepinephrine)

Front 65

Describe bloodflow in the kidneys.

Back 65

Artery
Afferent arteriole
Glomerulus
Efferent arteriole
Peritubular capillary and Vaso recta
Venule
Vein