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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a fibrous joint?
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Has no synovial cavity; bones are held together by dense irregular connective tissue and is rich in collagen
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What is a cartilaginous joint?
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Has no synovial cavity; bones are held together by cartilage
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What is a synovial joint?
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bones forming the joint have a synovial cavity and are united by the dense irregular connective tissue
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What is synarthrosis?
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immovable; common in axial skeleton
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What is amphiarthrosis?
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slightly movable; common in axial skeleton
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What is diarthrosis?
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freely movable; common in appendicular skeleton (all synovial joints)
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What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?
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Sutures, Syndesmoses, Interosseus Membranes
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What is a suture?
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-fibrous joint composed of a thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue
-functionally classified as synarthrosis because essential immovable -only occurs between bones of skull |
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What is synostosis?
What is an example of one? |
-bony joint
-a joint in which there is a complete fusion of two separate bones into one bone -classified as a synarthrosis example: frontal bone |
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What are syndesmoses?
What is an example of one? |
-fibrous joint in which the articulating bones are far apart and are connected by fibrous membrane with much more dense irregular connective tissue
-example: distal tibiofibular joint, illiosacral joint -permits slight movement (amphiarthrosis) |
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What is Gomphosis?
What is an example? |
-dentoalveolar joint
-a cone shaped peg fits into a socket -example: articulation between roots of the teeth and their sockets -permits no movement (synarthrosis) |
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What is the periodontal ligament?
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dense irregular connective tissue between a tooth and its sockets
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What is periodontal disease?
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Inflammation and degeneration of the gums, periodontal ligament, and bone
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What is an interosseous membrane?
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-a substantial sheet of dense regular connective tissue that binds neighboring long bones
-slightly movable (amphiarthrosis) -2 in body: between radius and ulna and between tibia and fibula |
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What are synchondroses?
What are some examples? |
-connecting material is hyaline cartilage
-examples: epiphyseal plate of long bones and 1st rib with manubrium -immovable (synarthrosis) |
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What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
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Synchondroses and Symphyses
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What are synchondroses?
What are some examples? |
-a cartilagenous joint in which the connecting material is hyaline cartilage
-functionally is a synarthrosis -immovable and ossifies later in life to be come a bony joint (synostosis) Examples: epiphyseal plate of the long bones and first rib with the manubrium |
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What are symphyses?
What are some examples? |
-Ends of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, but a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones– resists tension and compression
-amphiarthrosis Examples: Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, manubriosternal joint |
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What is a synovial joint? (Part 2)
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-At joints the bones are covered by a layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage
-Ligaments hold bones together in a synovial joint |
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What does articular cartilage do?
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Articular cartilage reduces friction between bones in the joint during movement & absorbs shock
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What are the two parts that make up the articular capsule?
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-outer fibrous capsule
-inner synovial membrane -sleeve-like capsule |
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What is the fibrous capsule and what is its function?
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-Made up of dense irregular connective tissue that attaches to the periosteum of articulating bones
-Flexibility provides for movement & Tensile strength gives joint stability -Fibers of some fibrous membranes are arranged as parallel bundles - Ligaments |
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What is the synovial membrane?
What is an example? |
-made up of areolar connective tissue w/ elastic fibers
-makes synovial fluid -Can also include accumulations of adipose tissue – articular fat pads examples: Infrapatellar fat pad in the knee |
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What is synovial fluid?
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-clear, egg white like color
-contains hyaluronic acid secreted by fibroblast-like cells - |
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4 Functions of Synovial Fluid
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1. lubrication
2. absorbing shock 3. supplying oxygen and nutrients to cartilage 4. removing carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes from chondrocytes |
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What are accessory ligaments?
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-Extracapsular - lie outside articular capsule, examples are: fibular and tibial collateral ligaments of the knee joint
-Intracapsular - occur within the articular capsule but are excluded from the synovial cavity by folds of the synovial membrane, examples are the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments of the knee joint |
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What are menisci?
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-articular discs
-are fibrocartilage pads between the articular surfaces of bones, as in the knee joint |
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What are bursae and tendon sheaths?
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-NOT synovial joints
Bursae - sac like fluid, cushion area between tendons, ligaments, and bone. Ex. shoulder and knee joints. Tendon sheaths - wrap around tendons, reduce friction of joints. |
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What are the 4 type of synovial joint movements?
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Gliding, Angular Movements, Rotation, and Special Movements.
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What are the characteristics of a gliding movement?
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-movement is back-and-forth and side-to-side
-no significant alteration in angle, limited range of movement examples: Intercarpal and Intertarsal joints |
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What are the major angular movements?
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-Flexion
-Extension -Lateral Flexion -Hyperextension -Abduction -Adduction -Circumduction |
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What is flexion?
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-Decrease in angle between articulating bones
-Bending trunk forward |
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What is extension?
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-Increase in angle between articulating bones
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What is lateral flexion?
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-Movement of trunk sideway to left or right
-Bending the trunk backward |
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Examples of elevation and depression
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Elevation - closing the mouth
Depression - opening the mouth |
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What is protraction and an example of it?
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1. Movement of a part of the body anteriorly
2. Movement of clavicle as you cross your arms -Thrusting the mandible outward |
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What is retraction?
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-Movement of a protracted body part back to normal
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What is inversion and eversion?
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Inversion - movement of the foot medially
Eversion - movement of the foot laterally |
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What is dorsiflexion and plantarflexion?
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Dorsifexion - movement of the foot at the ankle upward
Plantar Flexion - movement of the foot at the ankle downward |
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What are supination and pronation?
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Supination - movement of forearm so palm faces upward
Pronation - movement of forearm so palm faces downward |
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What is opposition?
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Movement of the thumb in which the thumb moves across the palm to touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand
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What are the six types of synovial joints?
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1. Planar
2. Hinge 3. Pivot 4. Condyloid 5. Saddle 6. Ball-and-Socket |
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What are planar joints?
What are some examples? |
-Articulating surfaces are flat or slightly curved
-side to side or back and forth -nonaxial examples: intercarpal, intertarsal, vertebrocostal, acromioclavicular |
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What are hinge joints?
What ere examples? |
-Opening and closing like a hinged door; monoaxial
-concave goes into convex -only flexion and extension examples: knee, elbow, ankle, interphalangeal joints |
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What are pivot joints?
What are examples? |
-rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament
-classified as unixial: rotating bone only turns around its long axis -angular movement allowed in one plane examples: atlantoaxial joint (dens) and radioulnar joints |
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What are condyloid/ellipsoid joints?
What are examples? |
-convex oval shaped projection of 1 bone fits into an oval shaped depression of another bone
-classified as biaxial: movement in 2 axis Side to side: abduction/adduction Back and forth: flexion/extension examples: wrist, metacarpophalangeal joints 2-5 |
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What are saddle joints?
What are examples? |
-triaxial: permitting movement around 3 axis
abduction/adduction, flexion/extension, rotation examples: 1st metacarpal joint (thumb), sternoclavicular joint, calcaneocuboid joint |
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What are Ball-and-Socket Joints?
What are examples? |
-all-like surface of one bone fitting into a cuplike depression of another bone
-spherical head of one bone fits into round socket of another; multiaxial examples: hip and shoulder |
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What is Range of Motion (ROM)?
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-range through which the bones of a joint can be moved
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What are the factors that affect Range of Motion?
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1. Structure or shape of the articulating bones
2. Strength and tension of the joint ligaments 3. Arrangement and tension of the muscles 4. Contact of soft parts 5. Hormones (example is Relaxin during pregnancy) 6. Disuse |
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Characteristics of Temperomandibular Joint (TMJ):
1. Location 2. Types of Joints 3. Bones of joint that move |
Location: Anterior to the ear, head of mandible articulates with mandibular fossa
Joints: Hinge and Planar Bones that move: Only mandible moves and this is only movable joint between skull bones |
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Characteristics of Shoulder (Glenohumeral joint):
1. Location 2. Types of Joints 3. Movements allowed |
Location: formed by head of head of humerus and scapula
Type of Joint: Ball-and-Socket Movement: -most freely movable joint lacks stability. -articular capsules are loose and thin -allows flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation, and circumduction of arm |
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Characteristics of elbow joint:
1. Location 2. Type/s of Joint/s 3. What provides movement and stability |
Location: humerus articulates with trochlear notch of the ulna
Type of Joint: Hinge Movement: -flexion and extension -tendons of biceps and triceps brachii provide stability |
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Characteristics of a hip joint:
1. Location 2. Type/s of Joint/s 3. Movement |
Location: Head of femur articulates with acetabulum
Type of Joint: Ball-and-Socket Movement: occurs in all axes but stability is regulated by capsular ligaments and acetabulum |
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Characteristics of Knee Joint:
1. Components of Joint (3 Parts) 2. Type of Joint 3. Movement |
largest and most complex joint
Parts of Joint: -Laterally is tibiofemoral Joint -Medially is the 2nd tibiofemoral Joint -Intermediate patellarfemoral Joint Type of Joint: Modified Hinge with 3 joints in a single synovial cavity Movement: some capacity for rotation when leg is flexed |
