Java #1

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programs that contain instructions for the computer

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software

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equipment or devices

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hardware

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Four major operations in a computer

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Input
Processing
Output
Storage

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allows data to enter the computer

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Input Devices (ie keyboard, mouse scanner)

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works on the data;organizes; checks; manipulates data

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Processing

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hardware that performs processing tasks

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Central Processing Unit (CPU)

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provides data to the user

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Output Device (ie screen, printer, speakers)

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special language containing instructions for the computer

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Programming Language (VB, Cobol)

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the rules governing word usage and punctuation in the language

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Syntax

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a language that controls the computer's on/off circuitry

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Machine Language

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software that translates programming languages into machine languages

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Compiler or Interpreter

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a program must be free of Syntax errors in order to be

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Executed or run

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Examples: Main memory, Random Access Memory (RAM) These are located inside the computer system and it is Volative

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Internal Storage

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Persistent, relatively constant. Ex. Floppy drive, hard drive, thumb drive. Located outside the computer system

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External Storage

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Six Programming Phases

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1. Understand the Problem
2. Plan the logic
3. Code the program
4. Use software to translate the program to machine language
5. Test the program
6. Deploy the program into production

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Parts of Step 2-Planning the Logic

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Flowcharts & Pseudocode

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pictorial representation of the logic steps

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Flowchart

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English-like representation of the logic

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Pseudocode

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Syntax errors are identified by_

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The Compiler/Interpreter

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Data Hierarchy

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Character (small)
-Field
--Record
---File
----Database (large)

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Single symbol (letter, number or special symbol)

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Character

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group of characters forming a single data item

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Field

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a group of related fields

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Record

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a group of related records

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File

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collection of related files, called tables, that serve the information needs of an organization

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Database

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Input Symbol

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Parallelogram

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Processing Symbol

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Rectangle

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Output symbol

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parallelogram

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connects the steps; shows the sequence of statements; has arrows to show the direction

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Flowlines

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Show start/end points of a statement

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Terminal (Start/Stop)-Lozenge Shaped

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Back-point arrows show statements that will be _

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Repeated

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a memory location whose contents can vary; must be a single world (compounded if necessary)

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Variable (aka Identifier)

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a sequence of statements that repeats forever with no escape

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Infinite Loop

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testing a value

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Decision

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diamond shape with two flowlines, one for yes one for no

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Diamond-Decision Structure

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Signal to stop; does not represent real data

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Sentinel Value (dummy value)

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code stored in the file that marks the end of the data

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End-of-File Marker

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marks a logic transfer to another location in the flowchart

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Connector Symbol

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circle w/ number to identify matching transfer location

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On-page Symbol

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Square w/ a pointed bottom w/ page # and letter to identify matching transfer locaiton

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Off-page Symbol

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Assigns value to a variable; variable MUST appear on the left side

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Assignment Statement

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"=" in most programming languages

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Assignment Operator

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stored by numeric variables

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Numeric data

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stored by text, string, or character variables

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Text data

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values that do not change when the program is running

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Constant

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whole numbers only data type

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Integer

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fractional numeric values with decimal points

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Floating-point

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a basic unit of programming logic

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Structure

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3 basic types of structures

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Sequence
Selection
Loop

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a set of instruction, performed sequentially with no branching

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Sequence Structure

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asks a question then takes one of two possible courses of action based on the answer

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Selection (decision) Structure

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selection structure with only one alternative

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Singe-alternative if

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repeats a set of actions based on the answer to a question

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Loop Structure

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attaching structures end-to-end

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Stacking

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endif-ends if-then-else structure
endwhile- ends a loop structure

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End-Structure Statement

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placing one structure within another

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Nesting

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group of statements that execute as a single unit

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Block

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reads the first input data record

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Priming Read

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Structured Loop steps

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1. First ask a question
2. take action based on the answer
3. return to ask the question again

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additional structures

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case
do-while
do-until

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while loop with question at beginning

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Pre-test Loop

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do while and do until loops with question at the end

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Post-test loop

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unit of code that performs one small task (subroutine, procedure, function, or method)

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Module

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breaking a large program into modules

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Modularization

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Advantages of Modularization:

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provides abstraction; allows multiple programmers to work simultaneously; allows code reuse; makes identifying structures easier

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focusing on important properties while ignoring non-essential details

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Abstraction

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the ability to use modules in a variety of applications

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Reusability

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assurance that a module has been tested and proven to function correctly

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Reliability

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contains the mainline logic; accesses other modules or subroutines; must be one word followed by ()

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Main Module

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one that uses another module; rectangle with a bar across the top; logic transfers from caller to called back to caller

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Calling Program (calling module)

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extent to which the statements contribute to the same task

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Functional Cohesion

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declared within a module

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Local variables

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declared at the beginning of the program, and used in all modules

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Global variables

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flowchart symbol containing notes

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Annotation Box

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list of variables used in a program, with their size, type, and description

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Data Dictionary

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tells which routines (modules) call other routines

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Hierarchy chart

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blackened corner indicates

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a module has been used more than once

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program documentation contains

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output design; input design; flowcharts; pseudocode; program code listing

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user documentation contains

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manuals; instructional materials; operating instructions