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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Augustine "Doctor of Grace"
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"All truth is God's truth"
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Augustine
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After reading Cicero, he dedicated his life to the pursuit of truth; converted to Christianity (386AD). His writings include Confessions and The City of God. He influenced the doctrines of the church, the Trinity, and grace in salvation. Philosophically, he searched for areas of certainty: discovered them in rational and mathematical and in self-consciousness. He believed one cannot dispute the Law of Non-contradiction.
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Divine Revelation (Augustine)
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Divine revelation was central to Augustine's epistemology or theory of knowledge. He believed that divine revelation is the necessary condition for all knowledge. He believed that Faith is an essential ingredient of knowledge--I believe in order to understand.
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Thomas Aquinas "Angelic Doctor"
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Aquinas represented the thought of the Middle Ages and influenced Roman Catholic theology. One of four men who changed the world Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, and Aquinas)
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Aquinas - Summa Theologica
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Thomas roots his thought in the Apostle Paul's view of God's self-revelation in nature, as expressed in his letter to the Romans. "...all knowledge, in both nature and grace, is dependent on the revelation of God...all knowledge rest and depends on God's revelation."
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Aquinas' Proofs of God's Existence
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1) motion; "Whatever is moved is moved by another;" this first mover must be God. 2) efficient cause; An uncaused being (God) who is self-existent violates no rule of reason; however, an uncaused effect is irrational. 3) necessary being; God is a necessary being, which represents an ontological argument.
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Aquinas' Proofs of God's Existence
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4) degrees of perfection; there must be a maximum norm or standard of good, true, and noble. 5) evidence of order; there must be an intelligent being (God) who directs all natural things to their end.
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Aquinas' Analysis of language includes his conclusion that there are three functions of language:
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Univocal -- a word means the same thing when applied to different beings.
Equivocal - a word's meaning changes dramatically when applied to two different beings. Analogical - a word's meaning changes proportionally when two different beings are described. |
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The Copernican Revolution
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occurred in the 16thcentury as well as the Protestant Reformation. The earth was no longer central in the universe.
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Rene Decartes "Father of Modern Rationalism"
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studied mathematics, logic,and philosophy; settled in Holland. He was driven by a quest for certainty.
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New Skepticism
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Asserted that objective truth incites endless disputes, so the new skeptics replaced objective truth with the logical principle of equipollence.
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Equipollence
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A deliberate technique of balancing particular proposition with its contradictory counterpart.
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Descrates' Four Rules in the quest for turth
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1) never accept as true anything that is not known to be true without doubt; 2) divide each difficulty 3) conduct thinking by commenting with objects that are simplest and easiest to know, then ascend little by little to the more complex; 4) in every case, make enumerations so complete and reviews so general that you might be assured you have omitted or overlooked nothing.
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Descrates' famous maxim
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"I think, therefore I am." This claim illustrates the Law of Non-contradiction and Law of Causality. Thus, the primary cause of all actions is God.
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John Locke
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Greatly influenced thinking in the 18th century, the age of British empiricism. Essay concerning Human Understanding. He is famous for the tabaula rasa (blank tablet) concept. All learning is a posteriori. The five senses perceive what is termed "empirical" reality.
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Locke's Four Kinds of Simple Ideas
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1 - discrete sensory data
2 - discrete reflections 3 - cooperation of the senses data 4 - data from the cooperation of sense and reflection |
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David Hume - Skeptic
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Takes British empiricism to the depths of skepticism. For Hume, there can be no ideas without impressions. 1) resemblance, 2) contiguity in time and space, 3) cause and effect.
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The Law of Causality (Hume)
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Hume challenges this assumption and says that causality rests on customary relationships. Hume defines a miracle as a violation of natural law.
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Immanuel Kant - Revolutionary Philosopher
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Kant's philosophy was a mixture between Pietism and the Enlightenment. The mind provides unity to the diversity of sensory experience.
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The chief arguments for God's existence:
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Ontological, cosmological, and teleological - according to Anselm, God is the being of which no greater can be conceived, and such a being must exist in reality as well as in the mind.
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Kant's Moral Argument for God
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He argues for the Christian God on the basis that He must exist for ethics to be meaningful.
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Karl Marx "Utopian"
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Marx's "dialectical materialism" argues for economics as the force which has moved history. Marx saw the industrial revolution as a serious threat to humanity. The substructure is the foundation and determines what the superstructure may be. Within Marxism, equality is more important than equity.
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Soren Kierkegaard "Danish Gadfly"
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Kierkegaard coined the term "existentialism," a strong anti-system, yet some forms are very systematic. Existentialism is difficult to explain; it rivals Marxism today and it pervades Western culture--the many over the one, of diversity over unity.
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Kierkegaard's Three Stages of Life
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Aesthetic Stage, Ethical Stage, and Religious Stage
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Nietzsche - Atheistic Existentialist
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His grandfather was a Lutheran pastor; raised in a female household. He made religion, philosophy, and logic the products of evolution. He is regard as the father of nihilism (there is no meaning to human existence, no purpose or value to life--only the nothingness of human existence.
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Jean-Paul Sartre - Litterateur and Philosopher
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published Being and Nothingness believed that "Existence precedes essence." Man creates himself and his own values. For Sartre, freedom is freedom from morality. He does not believe in God's existence.
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Darwin - Influential Thinker
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Darwin's The Origin of Species - revolutionary - profound effect on Western thought.
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Darwin's Major Premises
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1) Each individual member of a given species is different; 2) All living creatures tend to produce more offspring than the environment can support 3) Differences among individuals, combined with environmental pressures, affect the probability that a given individual will survive long enough to pass along its genetic traits
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Freud - founder of psychoanalysis
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everyone is an enemy of civilization. Religion has a threefold task 1) to exorcise the terrors of nature 2) reconcile us to the cruelty of fate and to 3) compensate us for the sufferings and privations civilizations has imposed.
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