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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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global village
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Marshall McLuhan's term to describe the consequences of the mss media's ability to bring events from the far reaches of the globe into people's homes, thus shrinking the world.
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communication
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a symbolic, interpretive, transactional, contextual process in which people create shared meanings
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6 characteristics of communication
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1. symbolic
2. interpretive 3. transactional 4. contextual 5. process 6. involves shared meanings |
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The symbolic characteristic of communication
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symbols represent the shared meanings that are communicated
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Symbol
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a word, action, or object that stands for or represents a unit of meaning
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Meaning
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a perception, thought, or feeling that a person experiences and might want to communicate to others. Private meanings can not be shared
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Message
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refers to the "package" of symbols used to create shared meanings
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emblems
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non-verbal symbols
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The interpretive characteristic of communication
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messages do not have a certain set of meanings for others to be able to make sense of the symbols forming the message
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2 outcomes of communication
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1. the participants understand what the others are trying to communicate
2. reaching an agreement on the particular issues that have been dicussed. |
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understanding
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the participants have imposed similar or shared interpreatations about what the messages actually mean
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agreement
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each participant not only understands the others' interpretations but also holds a view that is similar. Not a requirement for communication
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The transactional characteristic of communication
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all participans in the communication process work to create and sustain the meaning that develop. Communicators are simultaneously sending and recieving messages at every instant that they are involved in the conversation. empahsizes the construction or shared creation of messages and meanings.
1. Improve one's knowledge, to seek understanding, to develop agreements and to negotiate shared meanings. 2. no senders or recievers |
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the actional view
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earliest view. communication is a linear, one-way flow of ideas and information. Focus is on information transmission e.g. what the sender should do to structure a message that would cieve a desired result. Assume that the sender's goal is to persuade the reciever. Assume senders superior to the reciever. Goal is to influence others and not to be culturally sensative.
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The interactional view
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emphasizes interpretaion of the message.recievers provide the senders with ongoing responses about how the messages are recieved. Senders must adapt their mesages to the changing perceptions of the recievers to be most effective in influencing them. Influence and control the reciever.
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feedback
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ongoing responses
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The contextual characterictic of communication
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all communication takes place within a setting or situation called a context.
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context
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the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together, andd the nature of the realtionship.
1. physical 2. social 3. interpersonal settings |
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Physical context
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includes the actual location of the interaction. Influences the kinds of topics that are covered and the interpreations that are made about the meanings of certain places or glances
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Social context
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refers to the widely shared expectaions people have about the kinds of interactions that normally should occur given the different kinds of social events
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Interpersonal Context
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refers to the expectaions people have about the behaviors of others as a result of differences in the relationships between them. Can change asm people get to know each other. This change causes alterations in the kinds of messages created and in the interpretations made about the meanings of the messages exchanged
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The process characteristic of communication
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a dynmaic process where things are changing, moving, developing, and evolving. A process is a sequence of many distan but interrelated steps. "you can't stand in the same stream twice". The very same message may be interpreted differently when said at different stages of the communication process.
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The Involves shared meanings characteristic of communication
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there are no correct meainng. Rather, meanings are created and shared by groups of people as they participate in the ordinary and every day activities that form the context for common interpretations. Focus on how people attempt to "make sense" of their common experiences in the world.
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Interpersonal communication
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a form of communication that involves a small number of individuals who are interacting exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability both to adapt the messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretaions from them. Four chacteristics:
1. A small number of people 2. People interacting exclusively with one another 3. Adapted to specific others 4. immdiate interpretaions |
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Characteristic one of interpersonal communication: a small number of people
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involves person-to-person interactions. more likely to form a social bond between small groups of people
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Characteristic two of interpersonal communication: 2. people interacting exclusively with one another
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Interpersonal communicattion typically involves clearly identified participants who are able to select those with whom they interact. Can use non-verbal things to convey information
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Characteristic three of interpersonal communication:
3. Adapted to specific others |
because of small numbers it is possible for participants to asses what is being understood and how the messages are being interpreted. Since many of the messages are designed to evoke a particular effect in other people, the messages can be adapted to fit the specific people for whom they are intended
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Characteristic four of interpersonal communication: 4. Immediate interpretaions
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the interpreation of messages can occur essenitally simultaneously with their creation. Permits a subtle and ongoing adjustment to the setting and the other participants
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culture
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a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, normms, and social practices, which affect the behaviors of a relatively large group of people
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Culture is learned
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people learn about their culture through interactions with parents, other family members, friends, and even strangers who are a part of their culture. Culture is learned from the people you interact with as you socialize. Culture is taught by the explanations people recieve for the natural and human events around them
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Culture is a set of shared interpretations
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The meanings of symbols exist in the minds of individual communicators and when they sahare thos ideas that is what forms the basis of our culture. Aculture can form only if these ideas are shared with a relatively large group of people.
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Culture involves beliefs
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the basic understanding of a group of people about what the worl is like or what is true or false.
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Culture involves values
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what a group of people define as good and bad or what it reguards as important
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Culture involves norms
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rules for appropriate behavior, which proivide the expectations people have of one another and themselves
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culture unvolves social practices
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the predictible behavior patterns that members of a culture typically follow
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culture affects behavior
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the social practices that characterize a culture give people guidelines about what things mean, what is important, and what should or should not be done. Culture establishes predictibility in human interactions
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culture involves large groups of people
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societal levels of organization form that have all the characteristics of the definition of culture when large groups of people are together
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nation
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a political term referring to a government and a set of formal and legal mechanisms that regulate the political behavior of its people. not synonomous with culture
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race
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certain physical similarities, such as skin color or eye shape, that are shared by a group of people and are used to mark or separate them from others. A more all-encompassing term
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ethnicity
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refers to a wide variety of groups who might share a language, historical origin, religion, nation-state or cultural system
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subculture
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racial and ehtnic minority groups that share both a a common nation-state with other cultures and some aspects of the larger culture
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co-culture
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suggests there is a single overarching culture
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the history force
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the uniques experiences that have become part of a cultures collective wisdom. You have to know what people have been through to know what they want and what they don't want
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The ecology force
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the external environment in which a culture lives. Overall climate, weather patters, land and water formations. if water is scarce or abunsant how do the people act differently? natural disasters
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The technology force
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the inventions that qa culture has created or borrowed. Changes in the available technology can radically alter the balance of forces that maintain a culture. ex. internet, the media(relaying information to every part of the world, what do people think of another culture by what they see on tv?
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The biology force
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the inherited characteristics that cultural members share. people with a common ancestry have similar genetic compositions. Theses hereditary differences often arise as an adaption to environmental forces and can be apparent in "race"
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the institutionasl networks force
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the formal organizations in societies that sturcture activities for large numbers of people. ex. school, religion
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the interpersonal communication patterns force
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the face-to-face non-verbal and verbal coding systems that cultures develop to convey meanings and intentions. They are the means through which a culture transmits its beliefs and practices from one generation to another verbal communication systems give each culture a common set of categories and distinction with which to organize perceptions. These categories are used to sort objects and ideas and to give meaning to shared experiences. nonverbal communication systems provide information about the meanings associated with the use of space, time, touch, and gestures. They to identify the boundaries between members and nonmembers of a culture
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intercultual communication
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a symbolic, interpretive, transactional, contextual in which people from different cultures create shared meanings
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When are people from different cultures?
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whenever the degree of differenc between them is sufficently large and importantthat it creates dissimilar interpretations and expectations about what are reguarded as competent cummunication behaviors
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intercultural communication
(interethnic, interracial) |
occurs when large and important cultural differences create dissimilar interpreations and expectations about how to communicate competently
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cross-cultural communication
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used to refer to the particualr idea or concept within many cultures
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international communication
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interactions among people from different nations
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