Inorg Chem Antioxidants Water Glass

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Antioxidants

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Are compounds, with the capability of functioning chemically as reducing agents

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Antioxidants

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Its addition prevents oxidative decomposition in the products

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Antioxidant

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Oxidizes in place of the active constituent or inversely

Mechanism of action

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Normal oxidation state

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The antioxidant reduces the already oxidized active constituent back to its ___________

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Hypophosphorus acid

Sulfur dioxide

Sodium bisulfite

Nitrogen

Sodium thiosulfate

Sodium nitrite

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Example of antioxidants

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Hypophosporous acid

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Properties: colorless or slightly yellow, odorless liquid containing 30-32% of HPH2O2

It is a strong reducing agent

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KMnO4

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Hypophosporous acid readily decolorizes acidic

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Hypsphosphorous acid

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Use: antioxidant

Prevents the formation of free iodine in diluted hydriodic acid and syrup

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Ferric ions and molecular iodine

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Hypsphosphorous acid prevents the formation of both ___ and _____

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Antioxidant properties

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Salt of hypsphosphorous acid are also used for their ____

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Sodium hypophosphite

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Preservative for foods

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Ammonium hypophosphite

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Preservative for food

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0.5 to 1%

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Concentration of hypophosphorous acid and its salt are never over 1% and is usually between what percent?

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Sulfurous anhydride

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Other name for sulfuric dioxide

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Sulfur dioxide

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Properties: a colorless, non flammable gas possessing a strong suffocating odor characteristic of burning sulfur

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Sulfurous acid

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Soluble in water (36:1) forming moderately strong acid - ______

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Sulfur dioxide

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Is usually used in injectable preparations in vials or ampules (because of its gaseous nature)

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Sulfur dioxide

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Used in bleaching wood pulp, fumigating grains and arresting fermentation

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Sodium bisulfite

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Synonyms: sodium hydrogen sulfite, sodium acid sulfate, and leucogen

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Sodium bisulfite and sodium metabisulfite

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Sodium bisulfite is a mixture of ____ and ____ in varying proportions

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Sodium metabisulfite

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Synonyms: Disodium pyrosulfate

Uses: antioxidants/strong reducing agents

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Metabisulfite

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Most commercial sodium bisulfite is actually the ____

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Sulfuric acid

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Treatment of bisulfites with aqueous acid yields ______(which is essentially a solution of sulfur dioxide in water)

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Sodium bisulfite and metabisulfite

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Uses: antioxidants/strong reducing agent

Prevent oxidation of acidic solutions that contain phenol or catechol nucleus to quinones

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Bisulfite

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Is found in ascorbic acid injections as a reducing agent

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Sodium bisulfite

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Is used to prepare warer soluble derivatives of water insoluble drugs (ex. Menadione Sodium Bisulfite)

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Nitrogen

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Colorless, odorless, inert gas

Because of its inert nature, it can be used to retard oxidation in oxidation-sensitive products

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Nitrogen

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Displaces and replaces air in containers for parenterals and solutions for topical applications

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Nitrogen

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Used as an inert atmosphere to retard oxidation to sensitive products like Cid Liver Oil, olive oil, multiple vitamin preparations, etc.

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Sodium thiosulfate

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Aka: Hypo

The oxidation polarity of sulfur allows the compoundbto act as a reducing agent

Antidote for cyanide poisoning

Used in solution containing iodides (ex. KI solution at 0.05%)

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Sodium nitrite

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Nitrites can act both as a reducing and oxidizing agent. Reduction of compounds with sodium nitrite results in the formation of nitrates.

Antidote for cyanide poisoning

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Nitrates

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Reduction of compounds with sodium nitrite results in the formation of ____

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Pure water

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Is a tasteless, odorless, clear liquid which is colorless in small quantities and greenish blue in deep layers

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Water

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Is the solvent of choice for most liquid preparations due to the ff. properties:

Small size

High dielectric constant

Strong permanent dipole

Availability of protins for hydrogen bonding

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Water

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Is also predominant in the body thatbis why toxicity is of lesser concern.

Due to its solvent powers and physiological inertness, is an extremely important pharmaceutical agent.

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Natural waters

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Are mineral waters due to the presence of ions such as Na+, K+, Ca+, Mg2+, Fe3+, Sr2+ and etc

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Alkaline waters

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Contains appreciable quantities of sodium and magnesium sulfate, together with sodium bicarbonate

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Carbonated waters

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Charged with carbon dioxide under pressure, effervesces when exposed to air

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Chalybeate waters

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Contains iron in solution or in suspension and a characterized by a ferrigenous state

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Lithia waters

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Contains lithium in the form of carbonate or chloride

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Saline waters

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Also known as purgative waters contains large amounts of magnesium and sodium sulfates with sodium chloride

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Sulfur waters

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Have hydrogen sulfide

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Siliceous waters

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Contains very small amounts of soluble alkali silicates

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Hardness of water

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Tia property is due to the presence pf varying amounts of Ca, Fe and Mg soluble salts which convert ordinary soap into water insoluble calcium, iron and/or magnesium salts of fatty acids

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Temporary hardness of water

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Water that contains soluble Ca or Mg bicarbonate

Can be removed by boiling and addition of hydroxides

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Permanent hardness

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Presence of sulfates, chlorides or hydroxides of Ca and/or Mg

Cannot be removed boiling or addition of lime

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Washing soda

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Water purification methods which addition of soluble carbonates

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Chelation by Zeolite (Permutit) Process

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Passing of hard water to column thta contains zeolite (Na aluminum silicate)

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Deionizer and Demineralizer

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Uses resins to remove cations and anions from water. The water produces from this process is comparable with distilled water

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Polyphosphate chelation

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Uses basic phosphate and sodium metaphosphate to chelate Ca

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Water, USP

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it is an official solvent to make official solutions, tinctures and extracts

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Purified water, usp

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Obtained by distillation or by ion-exchange treatment.

Used for extemporaneous compounding and in the preparation of most USP test reagents.

NOT for parenteral administration

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Water for injection, usp

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Specification is the same with purified water, usp except for bacteriological purity.

It must pass the pyrogen test.

Intended for use as a solvent in the preparation of parenteral solutions and used in large scale mamanufacturing.

Should be stored below 4 and above 37 degrees celsius.

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Bacteriostatic water for injection, usp

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It is a sterile water for injection containing one or more antimicrobial substances

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Benzyl alcohol

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Common antimicrobial agent.

It may be stored in pre filled syringes or in single or multiple dose containers (Type I and II glass) containing not more than 30ml

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IM administration

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bacteriostatic water for injection, usp

Designed to compound small volumes of extemporaneous parenterals for ______

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Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP

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should not be used for iv administration

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Sterile water for injection, usp

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It should be sterilized and suitably packaged.

No antimicrobial substances added.

Used for extemporaneous compounding of parenterals for iv and im administration

Stored in single dose containers (type I and II) in which volume is not more than 1000ml

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Sterile water for irrigation, usp

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It should be sterilized and suitably packaged; no antimicrobial substances added

Used as an irrigating solution

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Sterile water for inhalation

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Prepared from water for injection, sterilized and suitably packaged, no antimicrobial substances added

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Glass

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Generic term referring to any vitreous material

It is composed chiefly of silicon dioxide, with varying amounts of other oxides like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum and boron

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Powdered glass test and water attack test

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Glass types are determined from the result of 2 USP tests

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Boron

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Decreases the coefficient of expansion

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Potassium

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Gives a brown, light resistant glass

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Rare earth metals

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Selectively absorbs light at certain wavelengths

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Sodium silicate

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Glasses may be considered

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Alkali

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Aqueous solutions will slowly become ___ upon prolonged standing in aoft glass containers

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Leachability

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Is a properly in which ions from the glass container wull leach out and interact with the product, thereby reducing the stability of the product

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Delamination or Glass Particulate formation

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Is caused bybthe chemical attack on the glass matrix by the formulation solution -- resulting in the weakening of the glass

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Type I glass

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Highly resistant borosilicate glass

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Type II glass

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Treated with soda lime glass

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Type III

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soda lime glass

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Type NP

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General purpose soda lime glass

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Type I Glass:Borosilicate glass

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Composed of silicon dioxide and boric oxide

A chemically resistant glass (low leachability) with low thermal coefficient of expansion

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Type II glass: soda lime treated glass

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Relatively high proportions of sodium oxide and calcium oxide (less resistant)

Has a higher thermal coefficient of expansion than type I glass.

Treated with sulfur dioxide (or other dealkalizers) to neutralize the interior surface of the constainer.

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Sulfur dioxide

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Type II glass is treated with ____ to neutralize the interior surface of the container

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Type III glass: soda lime glass

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Relatively High Proportions of sodium oxide and calcium oxide (less resistant)

Melts at lower temperature and has a higher thermal coefficient of expansion than type I glasses

Used for anhydrous liquids or dry substances

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Opaque

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Superior light protective container

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Amber glass

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Will screen out ultraviolet radiation very effectively (recommended for light protection purposes)