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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Reducing agents |
Antioxidants |
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Antioxidants oxidizes in _______ |
place of the active constituent |
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Factors when selecting antioxidants |
•should be physiologically inert
•possible of toxicity of the both reducing agent and the oxidised product should be assesed
•solubility problems between the reducing agent and the drug
•very strong oxidizing agent will form explosive mixtures |
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Antioxidants reduces the already oxidised active constituent back to its __________ |
Normal oxidation state |
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Colorless or slightly yellow, odorless liquid containing 30-32% of HPH2O2
Strong reducing agent |
Hypophosphorous acid |
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HPH2O2 readily decolorizes acidic ________ |
Potassium Permanganate KMnO4 |
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Prevents formation of free iodine in diluted hydriodic acid and syrup |
HPH2O2 |
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Prevents formation of both ferric ions and molecular iodine |
HPH2O2 |
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food preservatives |
Ammonium hypophosphite Sodium hypophosphite
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Concentration of HPH2O2 are usually between ____&_____ and never over ________. |
0.5-1% 1% |
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Aka sulfurous anhydride |
Sulfur dioxide |
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Colorless, non-flammable gas possessing a strong suffocating odor of burning sulfur |
SO2 |
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Sulfur dioxide is _______ in water (36:1) forming moderately strong _________. |
Soluble acid-sulfurous acid (H2SO3) |
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it is usually used in injectable preparations in vials and ampules because of its ___________. |
Sulfur dioxide Gaseous nature |
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Synonyms of sodium bisulfite |
✓sodium hydrogen sulfite ✓sodium acid sulfate ✓leucogen |
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Sodium bisulfite is a mixture of __________ and __________ in varying proportions. |
Sodium bisulfite NaHSO3 Metabisulfite Na2S2O5 |
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Aka disodium pyrosulfate |
Sodium metabisulfite |
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Commercial sodium bisulfite is actually ________ |
Metabisulfite |
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Treatment of bisulfites with aqueous acid yields ________ which is essentially a solution of sulfur dioxide in _________ |
sulfurous acid water |
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Prevent oxidation of acidic solutions that contain phenol or catechol nucleus to quinones |
Sodium bisulfite and metabisulfite |
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Found in ascorbic acid injections as reducing agents |
Sodium bisulfite and metabisulfite |
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Used to prepare water soluble derivatives of water insoluble drugs (ex. _____________) |
Sodium bisulfite Menadione sodium bisulfite |
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Colourless, odorless inert gas |
Nitrogen |
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Can be used to ___________ in oxidation-sensitive products |
Nitrogen Retard oxidation |
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Displaces and replaces air in containers for parenteral and solutions for topical application |
Nitrogen |
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Examples of sensitive products |
Cod liver oil Olive oil Multiple vitamin preparation |
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Aka hypo |
Sodium thiosulfate |
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_______ of sulfur allows the compound to act as a reducing agent |
Oxidation polarity |
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Antidote for cyanide poisoning |
Sodium thiosulfate Sodium nitrite |
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Used in solution containing iodide (ex. KI solution at 0.05%) |
Sodium thiosulfate |
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Reduction of compounds with sodium nitrite results in _______ |
Formation of nitrates |
