Inorg Chem

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- Used to heat, mix, and store liquids.

- Capacity: 25 ml to 6 liters

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Erlenmeyer Flask

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- Used to pour liquids into any container to prevent lost or spillage.

- Used for filtration (with filter paper)

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Funnel

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- Used to contain, mix, and heat liquids

- Used to measure approximate volume of liquid substances

- Capacity: 5 ml to 4 liters

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Beaker

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- Used to measure accurate volumes of liquids.

- Capacity: 5 ml to 2 liters

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Graduated Cylinder

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- Used to stir liquids.

- Assist in transferring liquids

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Stirring Rod

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- Used as a reaction vessel

- Used for storing, mixing, and heating small amounts of chemicals.

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Test Tube

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Used to hold small amounts of solids when being weighed or transported.

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Watch Glass

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Used to measure temperature.

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Thermometer

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Used to heat and separate mixtures of two liquids with different boiling points.

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Distilling Flask

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Used to condense vapor to liquid.

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Condenser

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Used for heating substances that need to be heated evenly

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Florence flask

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Used to separate mixtures of two immiscible liquids.

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Separatory Funnel

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Used in titrations to measure precisely how much liquid has been delivered.

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Burette/ Buret

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Used for accurately measuring and delivering small volumes of liquid from one container to another

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Glass Pipette

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Used to recover dissolved solids by evaporation.

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Evaporating Dish

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Used to perform small scale reactions at one time.

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Spot Plate

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Used for melting or drying out samples.

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Casserole

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Used to crush or grind solids into smaller pieces or fine powders

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Mortar and Pestle

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Used to heat small quantities of solids to very high temperatures.

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Crucible and Cover

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Used to hold test tubes while reactions happen in them or while they are not needed.

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Test Tube Rack

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Used to hold test tubes while heating.

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Test Tube Holder

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They can be used for specimen transfers and for mixing.

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Applicator Sticks

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Used to cover or seal test tubes and flasks.

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Cork Stopper

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Attached to an iron stand; used to support heated apparatus and support during filtration.

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Iron Ring

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Attached through a clamp holder and used to hold/support long apparatus in place.

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Iron Clamp

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Attached to an iron stand to hold the iron clamp in place.

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Clamp Holder

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Used to support iron ring, iron clamp and clamp holder.

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Iron Stand

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Used for cutting a hole in a cork to insert glass tubings or thermometers.

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Cork Borer

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Used to hold crucibles and evaporating dishes

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Crucible Tongs

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Used for picking up and moving small objects.

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Laboratory Forceps

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Used for transferring your samples without contamination or sticking and assures complete release.

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Spatula

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Used to hold crucibles when they are being heated.

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Clay Triangle

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Used to support glassware over a Bunsen burner; spreads flame ou for more even heating.

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Wire Gauze

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An instrument used to approximately measure a mass of an object.

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Triple Beam Balance

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An instrument designed to accurately measure mass.

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Analytical Balance/ Mettler

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To allow air to enter the burner

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Air- hole

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To enable the gas to rush out of the gas supply and to draw in air

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Jet

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To support the burner so that it will not topple

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Base

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To raise the flame to a suitable height for burning or heating

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Barrel

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To regulate the amount of air entering the burner through the air-hole

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Collar

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To control the flow of gas to the Bunsen burner

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Gas Tap

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What flame is produced when the air regulator is closed?

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Yellow Flame

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What flame is produced when the air regulator is open?

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Blue Flame

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Why are most of the containers of chemical substances and those used for heating are made up of glass?

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- Highly resistant to high temperatures- Chemically inert- They can be transparent or colored

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- The speed at which a chemical reaction proceeds.- Determines how fast a reactant is used up or how fast a product is formed.

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Reaction Rates

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What are the factors that affect the reaction rates?

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Temperature

Surface Area

Concentration

Catalyst

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According to the ________ theory, for a chemical reaction to take place, there must be collisions among the atoms, ion, or molecules with sufficient energy.

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Collision

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("activation energy" = ____________ required for reaction to occur)

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Minimum Energy

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Collision Theory

Depends on two main things:

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1) The amount of energy the particles have2) Frequency of collision

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What does this mean in the Collision Theory?

1.)The amount of energy the particles have

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The more energy particles have, the more energy they can transfer during the collisions.

Front 51

What does this mean in Collision Theory?

2.) Frequency of collisions

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How often particles collideMore often collisions → more successful reactions

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How does temperature affect the reaction rate?

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•INC in temp- INC energy in particles- INC mobility - INC frequency of collisions

•Collide with more energy - More likely to exceed activation energy

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How does concentration affect the rate of reaction?

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CONCENTRATION = how many particles per unit volume

INC # of particles → INC frequency of collisions → INC rate of reactions

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A substance that speed up the rate of reaction without itself being altered or used up

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Catalyst

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A catalyst provides an alternative pathway for the reaction to occur in a _______ activation energy.

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lower

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How does the surface area affects the rate of reactions?

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DEC particle size → INC surface area → INC collisions→ INC reaction rate

Front 57

These are solutions prepared using water as a solvent.

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Aqueous Solutions

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Reactions that occur in aqueous solutions include:

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• Acid-Base Reactions• Precipitation Reactions• Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

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Also known as Neutralization Reaction

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Acid-Base Reaction

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What is the product of Acid-Base Reaction?

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Salt and Water

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Arrhenius definition (from Svante Arrhenius)

Acids: substances that increases hydrogen (H+) ions when added to water; form ________ ions (H30*) when combined in water.

Bases: substances that produce _________ ions (OH-) when added to water.

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Hydronium

Hydroxide

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Bronsted-Lowry definition (Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Thomas Martin Lowry)

Acids: proton (hydrogen ion) _______

Bases:proton (hydrogen ion)________

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Donor

Acceptor

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A strong acid _________ (or ionizes) completely in aqueous solution to form more hydronium ions (H30)

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dissociates

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A weak acid does ________ completely in aqueous solution

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not dissociate

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All acids have a conjugate ____ and all bases have a conjugate ____.

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Base

Acid

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CONJUGATE ACID: the species formed after the base accepts a proton; contains ____________ than the base that formed it.

CONJUGATE BASE: the species formed after an acid donates its proton; contains ___________ than the acid that formed it.

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One more H atoms

One less H atom

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In a __________ reaction, an insoluble salt product is formed when two solutions are mixed.

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Precipitation

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The formation of a precipitate depends on its __________ in water.

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Solubility

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Also called as Redox reactions

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Oxidation Reduction

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A reaction that involves the transfer of electrons between chemical species (the atoms, ions, or molecules involved in the reaction.)

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Oxidation Reduction

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Oxidation: ____ of electronsReduction: ____ of electrons

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Loss

Gain

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The rules for assigning oxidation numbers.

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#1: The oxidation number (ON) of an uncombined element is always zero.

#2: A monatomic ion has an oxidation numberequal to its charge.

#3: The oxidation numbers of hydrogen is +1 with non-metals and -1 with metals.

#4: The oxidation number of oxygen is usually -2, except in peroxides (X2O2 or compounds containing O22) where oxygen has an oxidation number of -1.

#5

Group IA (Alkali Metals): always +1Group 2A (Alkaline Earth Metals): always +2

#6: Fluorine has an oxidation number of -1 in all compounds; other halogens (Cl, Br, I) usually have ON of -1 unless combined with oxygen or fluorine where it is a positive number.

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Qualitative analysis: ____ is in the sample Quantitative analysis: ____ much is present in a sample.

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What

How much

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Aqualitative test used to visually determine the identity of an unknown metal or metalloid ion based on the characteristic color the salt turns the flame of a Bunsen burner.

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Flame Test

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Potassium

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Lilac/Violet

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Copper (II) Chloride

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Green

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Strontium Chloride

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Crimson Red

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Barium Chloride

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Yellowish Green

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Calcium Chloride

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Red Orange

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Lithium Chloride

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Canine Red

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Sodium Chloride

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Persistent Golden Yellow