Immunology: Test 2: 6. Cancer And Immunology

Front 1

Oncogene

Back 1

Any gene of viral or cellular origin that is thought to contribute to malignant transformation of cells when mutated or abnormally expressed.

Front 2

Proto-oncogene

Back 2

Any oncogene normally found in the mammalian genome

Front 3

Tumor-suppressor gene

Back 3

Genes whose protein product suppresses cancer. Inactivation or loss of these genes contribute to cancer transformation.

Front 4

What are Tumor-specific-antigens (TSA)

Back 4

on tumor cells, not found on self

Front 5

where do Tumor-specific-antigens (TSA) come from?

Back 5

arise from cancers that start with a viral infection

also can come from carcinogens

Front 6

Tumor-associated antigens (TAA)

Back 6

normally found as self antigens,
can be expressed at somepoint in development, and will be expressed later (for example an antigen expressed fetaly can be seen later in cancer)

Front 7

there are 3 possible mechanisms of tumor escape, please list them

Back 7

1. Lack of immunogenicity (we dont have an anti-body for the tumor antigen because the tumor specific antigen isnt expressed)

2. Tumor-induced immunosuppression

3. Loss of tumor MHC antigens (lost on surface, can't be targeted by CD8 T cells)

Front 8

What recognizes and kills cancer cells in the body?

Back 8

CD8

the cytotoxic T cell

Front 9

what is the concept of immune surveillance?

Back 9

The hypothesis is that cells of the immune system, in addition to checking for foreign antigens (i.e. pathogens), constantly survey the body for abnormal cells, like cancer. Then, the immune system would play a large role in controlling the growth of these cancer cells.

Front 10

what is adoptive cellular therapy

Back 10

isolate lymphocytes from blood or tumor infiltrate from cancer pt

culture with IL-2 (to get more of them)

trasfer lymphocytes into pt w/ or w/o systemic IL-2

leads to tumor regression

Front 11

Dendritic cell vaccines for cancer immunotherapy

Back 11

Autologous dendritic cells (DC) loaded with tumor antigens + cytokine

Re-infuse DC to induce anti-tumor immune response

Front 12

what would be the use of monoclonal antibodies?

Back 12

that reacts to a TSA or TAA can mediate tumor cell destruction by ADCC, or by the direct conjugation of toxins to the antibody molecule. The monoclonal antibody targets the tumor cells, then the toxin would destroy them

Front 13

what are the limitations to antibody immunotherapy? 3

Back 13

a) Inadequate antibody penetration into large tumor masses
b) Inappropriate binding to normal cells displaying TAA
c) Host immune response to mouse monoclonal antibody

Front 14

what are recombinant humanized antibodies

Back 14

no longer use mouse, mostly human protein (but maintains the mouse binding site that you engineered)

then the body doesn't try to reject it as much

Front 15

use of Herceptin® for HER-2 over expressing breast cancer is what kind of cancer treatment?

Back 15

of recombinant humanized antibodies

Front 16

neoplasms of the immune system include what 3 things?

Back 16

leukemias, lymphomas, and myelomas.

Front 17

Leukemia

Back 17

hematological neoplasm in which malignant cells are present in the bone marrow and blood

BONE MARROW!

loose cells

Front 18

Lymphoma

Back 18

a localized proliferation of lymphoid cells forming a solid tissue mass
**NOTE Many neoplasms will show both patterns of involvement and are thus hard to distinguish


compact mass

Front 19

Myeloma

Back 19

cancerous plasma cell that can produce antibody

a malignant proliferation of plasma cells. Patients often present with recurrent infections, renal failure, bone pain, anemia. Serum will contain a paraprotein.

Front 20

patients that present with a paraprotein have what?

Back 20

MYELOMA

Front 21

what indicates the stage of development at which a malignant cell was transformed.

Back 21

immunophenotype

Front 22

What is the M band seen on a electrophoresis of serum that can be important?

Back 22

paraprotein for MYELOMA

Front 23

what 3 cytokines have been shown to have anti-tumor effects?

Back 23

interferon, IL-2, and tumor necrosis factor

Front 24

woman presents with fatigue and bone pain

WHAT ARE YOU THINKING IMMEDIATELY?

Back 24

MYELOMA

will also tend to have increased infections and bone lesions

Front 25

if you see bone resorbed and destroyed (especially in skull or ribs) what should you be thinking

Back 25

myeloma

Front 26

How does myeloma lead to the diffuse problems that it causes

Back 26

(fatigue, bone resorption, infection)

transformed plasma cell in bone marrow

get bad RBC/WBC production

bone lesions are due to increased creation of Osteoclasts in bone marrow
--will see hypercalcemia

Front 27

what causes the increased osteoclast activity seen in myeloma?

Back 27

RANK ligand is increased (which is a growth factor for osteoclasts)

Front 28

Bence-Jones proteins are what?

Back 28

immuglobulin light chains found in urine

as a result of Myeloma

causes renal failure!

Front 29

elderly man presents with unusually large shingles, what are you thinking?

Back 29

CLL (chronic lymphocytic leukima)

tend to see this in ppl who are immunosuppressed

Front 30

What CDs are associated with T and B cells respectively?

Back 30

CD19-T Cells
CD5- B cells

Front 31

in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) what will their lymphocytes look like

Back 31

they will appear normal, but if you look closely you will see CD19 expressed on the surface in addition to CD5

and CD19 is normally seen on T-cell

Front 32

what are the symptoms associated with myeloma (think of CRAB)

Back 32

C=Calcium (hyper)
R=Renal failure
A=Anemia
B=Bone pain