Immunology Innate Immunity

Front 1

Does innate immunity have memory?

Back 1

NO

Front 2

What is the response time for innate immunity?

Back 2

minutes to hours

Front 3

What are some major cell types of innate immunity?

Back 3

phagocytes (monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils), NK cells, and dendritic cells

Front 4

When does inflammation become a problem?

Back 4

when the immune system doesn't shut off

Front 5

Describe acute inflammation.

Back 5

response to tissue damage (cut or burn)

combats early stages of infection and leads to repair of damaged tissues

Front 6

Describe chronic inflammation.

Back 6

response to damage leading to arthritis

continued damage to tissues

requires pharmacotherapy

Front 7

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Back 7

Swelling (tumor)
Redness (rubor)
Pain (dolor)
Heat (calor)

Front 8

Describe the steps in inflammation.

Back 8

1. Tissue damage causes the release of vasoactive and chemotactic factors that trigger a local increase in blood flow and capillary permeability

2. Permeable capillaries allow an influx of fluid and cells

3. Phagocytes migrate to the site of inflammation

4. Phagocytes and antibacterial exudate destroy bacteria

Front 9

What is necessary for the movement of leukocytes to the site of infection?

Back 9

leukocyte extravasation

Front 10

What are the 4 steps involved in leukocyte extravasation?

Back 10

1. Rolling
2. Activation
3. Arrest/adhesion
4. Transendothelial migration

Front 11

What causes adhesion in leukocyte extravasation and why is adhesion important?

Back 11

ICAMs and Integrins

adhesion is important because it keeps the neutrophil in the infection area

Front 12

What are some soluble factors in the innate immune system? (3)

Where are they produced?

Back 12

1. Defensins - small peptides, kill a wide variety of bacteria rapidly, associated with neutrophils (also secreted by paneth cells produced in the kidney and pancreas)

2. Cathelicidins

3. Interferons

Produced at the site of infection and act locally

Front 13

What are the 3 mediator families?

Back 13

1. Chemokine mediators
2. Lipid Inflammatory mediators
3. Plasma Enzyme mediators
- kinins
- clotting factors
- fibrinolytic system
- complement

Front 14

Describe the chemokines.

Back 14

cytokines that activate or attract leukocytes

usually 65-120 amino acids

released by a wide variety of cells in response to viral or bacterial infection

some play a role in angiogenesis

Front 15

When does the acute phase response occur?

Back 15

when there is tissue damage

Front 16

C-reactive protein is a _______?

Back 16

pentraxin - binds ligand calcium dependent

Front 17

Innate immunity uses a wide variety of receptors to detect infection. What are they? (3) Which is the most important?

Back 17

1. Toll receptors (most important)

2. LBP proteins - recognize polysaccharide on bacterial cell wall

3. NOD proteins - most recently found; respond to bacterial peptidoglycans

Front 18

How many toll-like receptors are there in humans?

Back 18

11

the function is known for 9 of them

Front 19

Toll-like receptors that recognize extracellular ligands are found where? intracellular ligands?

Back 19

extracellular ligands found on cell surfaces

intracellular ligands found intracellulary

Front 20

What do neutrophils specialize in?

Back 20

Phagocytosis and killing

Front 21

What do neutrophils display that make them well weaponized?

Back 21

TLR-2, TLR-4, ROS (reactive oxygen species), RNS (reactive nitrogen species)

Front 22

ROS and RNS are generated by what?

Back 22

phox (NADPH phagosome oxidase)

Front 23

A defect in phox can cause what?

Back 23

chronic granulomatous disease - increases susceptibility to fungal and bacterial infections