Bacterial antigens successful in breaching the physical barriers provided by the epithelium then trigger activation of the innate immune system, the early phase of immune activation, followed by subsequent activation of the adaptive immune system. Development of the innate immune response occurs in neonates and is highly dependent on maternal factors, including breast-milk feedings and methods of birth (Newburg & Walker 2007). The innate immune system is appropriately maintained by the normal intestinal flora via Toll-like receptors and NOD (nucleotide/binding oligomerization domain)-like receptors. Toll-like and Nod-like receptors are the main communication mechanism between bacteria and the host, allowing physiological inflammation to be
