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385 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Immune-mediated tissue damage
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Hypersensitivity (HS)
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Optimal site of antigen administration to elicit an immune response
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Subcutaneous or intramuscular
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Pathologic immune mechanisms of immediate hypersensitivity (Type I)
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Th2 cells, IgE, mast cells, eosinophils
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Properties of antigens that contribute to immunogenicity
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Large, complex, particulate and foreign
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Pathologic immune mechanisms of antibody-mediated hypersensitivity (Type II)
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IgM, IgG vs. cell surface or extracellular matrix
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Agents that improve immunogenicity when administered with an antigen
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Adjuvants
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Pathologic immune mechanisms of immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity (Type III)
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Circulating Ag-Ab (IgG or IgM) complexes (soluble antigens)
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Slow release of Ag; enhance Ag processing; stimulate innate immunity
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Mechanism of action of adjuvants
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Pathologic immune mechanisms of T cell-mediated hypersensitivity (Type IV)
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CD4+ T cells (DTH); CD8+ CTLs
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Small molecule that can not induce an immune response
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Hapten
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Mast-cell derived mediators; cytokine-mediated inflammation
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Mechanisms of tissue injury in Type I
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Conjugate or complex that induces an immune response to a hapten
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Hapten-carrier complex
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Complement and FcR-mediated recruitment and activation of leukocytes; Opsonization, phagocytosis; Abnormal cell function
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Mechanisms of tissue injury in Type II
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Antibody that reacts with a single epitope
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Monoclonal antibody
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Complement and FcR-mediated recruitment and activation of leukocytes
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Mechanisms of tissue injury in Type III
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Plasma cell fused to malignant myeloma cell
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Hybridoma
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Macrophage activation; direct target cell killing; cytokine-mediated inflammation
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Mechanisms of tissue injury in Type IV
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Pool of antibodies directed against multiple epitopes
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Polyclonal antibody
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Cytokines that induce isotype switching to IgE
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IL4 and IL-13
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Strength of interaction between one antibody and its antigen
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Affinity
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Antigens that elicit immediate hypersensitivity
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Allergens
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Sum of the strengths of multivalent antigens with all of the antibodies that bind to that antigen
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Avidity
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Individual with propensity to develop immediate hypersensitivities
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Allergic or atopic
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Reaction of an antibody with a cell or particle
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Agglutination
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(put in order)
a. Production of IgE b. Activation of mast cells and release of mediators c. First exposure to antigen d. Th2 cells signal B cells to switch to IgE e. Repeat exposure to antigen f. IgE binds to FcεR1 on mast cells |
Step 1-c
Step 2-d Step 3-a Step 4-f Step 5-e Step 6-b |
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Agglutination reaction of red blood cells with antibody
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Hemagglutination
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Hemagglutination test used to detect the presence of anti-Rh antibodies
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Coomb’s test
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Killing of a cell with antibody in presence of complement
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Lysis
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Inactivation of toxin or block of infectivity of a virus
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Neutralization
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Aggregation of an insoluble particle by an antibody
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Flocculation
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Concentration of antibody in a serum sample
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Titer
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Binding assay that uses light scatter to measure concentration of Ig in serum
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Nephelometry
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Binding assay that measures concentration of antibody or antigen in solution (plasma or serum)
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ELISA
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Binding assay that measures presence of proteins (antigens) in tissues or solutions
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Western blot
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Binding assay that detects presence of antigen on a slide using fluorescent-tagged antibodies
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Fluorescent Microscopy
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Binding assay that uses fluorescent-tagged antibodies and laser beam deflection to quantify cell populations.
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Flow cytometry
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Prevent growth or destroy transformed cells by immune system
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Immune surveillance
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Mutated self proteins; products of oncogenes or mutated tumor suppressor genes; aberrantly expressed self proteins; oncogenic viruses
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Tumor antigens
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Mechanism of tumor cell destruction
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CTLs
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Failure to produce tumor antigens by malignant cells
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Mechanism of tumor evasion
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Mutations in MHC genes or genes needed for antigen processing in tumor cells
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Mechanism of tumor evasion
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Production of immunosuppressive proteins or expression of inhibitory cell surface proteins by tumor cells
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Mechanism of tumor evasion
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Grafts from identical animals
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Syngeneic
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Grafts from animals of the same species
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Allogeneic
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Grafts from animals that are from different species
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Xenogeneic
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Antigens of allografts that are targets of rejection
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MHC proteins
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Recipient T cells recognize donor allogeneic MHC molecules on graft dendritic cells
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Direct recognition
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Recipient T cells recognize processed donor alloantigens
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Indirect recognition
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In vitro model of T cell recognition of alloantigens used to predict outcomes of grafts
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Mixed lymphocyte reaction
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Graft rejection mediated by preformed antibodies that occurs in minutes
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Hyperacute
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Graft rejection mediated by T cells and/or antibodies that occurs within days or weeks
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Acute
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Graft rejection mediated by T cells that occurs over months to years
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Chronic
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Graft rejection characterized by complement activation, endothelial damage, inflammation and thrombosis
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Hyperacute
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Graft rejection characterized by parenchymal cell damage, interstitial inflammation and inflammation of the endothelium
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Acute
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Graft rejection characterized by DTH-induced fibrosis
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Chronic
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Drugs that block T cell cytokine production by inhibiting calcineurin
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Cyclosporine and FK506
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Drug that inhibits macrophage cytokine secretion
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Glucocorticoids
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Biologic agent that depletes T cells by promoting phagocytosis or complement-mediated lysis
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Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody
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Biologic agent that inhibits T cell proliferation
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Anti-IL-2R antibody
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Drug that blocks lymphocyte proliferation by inhibiting guanine synthesis
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Mycophenolate mofetil
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Transplantation of blood cells
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Transfusion
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Preformed ABO antibodies react against transfused blood cells
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Transfusion reaction
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Mature allogeneic T cells attack recipient’s tissues
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Graft-vs.-host (GVH) disease
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Defective immune system due to congenital defect
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Primary or congenital immunodeficiency disease
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Defective immune system due to infection, malnutrition, medical treatment
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Secondary or acquired immunodeficiency disease
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Deficiencies in this immune compartment lead to pyogenic bacterial infections
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B cell deficiencies
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Deficiencies in this immune compartment lead to viral, fungal and other intracellular bacterial infections
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T cell deficiencies
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Deficiencies in this immune compartment lead to variable types of infection depending on specific defect
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Innate immune deficiencies
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Lack of B and T cell-mediated immune responses
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SCID
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Defects in these genes impairs lymphocyte development
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ADA, PNP, RAG, ZAP-70 or gc chain genes
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Decreased Ig levels caused by defect in Bruton’s tyrosine kinase
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XLA
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Immunologic consequence of abnormal development of 3rd and 4th branchial pouches
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Thymic hypoplasia
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Disease marked by lack of CMI due to thymic hypoplasia
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DiGeorge Syndrome
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Disease marked by elevated levels of IgM, decreased levels of other antibody classes and decreased CMI
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X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome
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Consequence of defective CD40-CD40L signaling between T & B cells
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No isotype switching
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Selective deficiency of IgG, IgA and or IgM due to defects in heavy chains
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Common variable immunodeficiency
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Disease due to deficiency of MHC Class I or II molecules
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Bare lymphocyte syndrome
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Defective T cell responses due to abnormal antigen processing
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Bare lymphocyte syndrome
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Disease with defective microbicidal killing by phagocytes due to mutation in phagocyte oxidase
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Chronic granulomatous disease
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Laboratory test that detects defective phagocyte killing
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Nitroblue tetrazolium test
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Disease with chronic bacterial and fungal infections
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Chronic granulomatous disease
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Disease where defective or absent CD18 results in lack of leukocytes at site of infection
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Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
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Disease with recurrent bacterial infections due to defective lysosomal function
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Chediak-Higashi
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Disease where defective cytoskeleton components leads to abnormally small platelets and leukocytes
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Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
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Disease marked by deficient activation of classical complement pathway
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Lupus-like diseases
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Immunologic consequence of C2 and/or C4 deficiency
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Failure to clear immune complexes
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T-dependent antigens
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Proteins
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Polysaccharides, lipids, small chemicals, nucleic acids
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T-independent antigens
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B cell population that resides in follicles of lymph nodes
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Follicular B cells
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B cell population that resides in marginal zones of spleen
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Marginal zone B (MZB) cells
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B cell population that resides in mucosa and peritoneum
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B-1 B cells
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B cell populations that produce primarily IgM
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MZB cells and B-1 B cells
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Major antibody produced in primary response
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IgM
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Major antibody produced in secondary response
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IgG, IgA, IgE
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Components of B cell co-receptor complex
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CR2 (CD21); CD19; CD81
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Components of B cell antigen receptor complex
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BCR; Iga, Igb
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Ligand for CR2
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C3d (and iC3b)
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Anatomical site of activation of naive B cells
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B cell zones of lymphoid tissues
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Mechanism of helper T cell-induced activation of B cells
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CD40L and cytokines
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Effector mechanism of B cells in humoral immunity
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Secretion of antibodies
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Inducers of heavy chain isotype switching
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CD40L and cytokines
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Basis of X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome
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Defective CD40L
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Enzyme that induces switch recombination
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Activation-induced deaminase (AID)
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Major cytokine that induces switching to IgG
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IFNg
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Major cytokine that induces switching to IgE
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IL-4
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Major cytokine that induces switching to IgA
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TGFb
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Process that increases affinity of antibody for antigen
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Affinity maturation
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Anatomical site where affinity maturation occurs
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Germinal centers of lymphoid follicles
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Enzyme that results in numerous point mutations in Ig genes
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AID
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Mechanism of affinity maturation
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Somatic hypermutation
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This type of antigen induces primarily an IgM response
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T-independent antigens
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This type of antigen results in isotype switching
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T-dependent antigens
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Receptor that mediates antibody feedback
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FcgRII receptor
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Defense against ingested microbes
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Th1 cells
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Defense against infected cells with microbes in cytoplasm
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CTLs
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Anatomical site of activation of naive T cells
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Lymphoid organs
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Anatomical site of antigen elimination by effector T cells
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Peripheral tissues
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Homing molecules on activated T cells
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E- and P-selectin ligand, LFA-1 or VLA-4, CXCR3
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Homing molecules on naive T cells
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L-selectin, LFA-1, CCR7
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Immune-mediated tissue damage
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Hypersensitivity
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Effector cell of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH)
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Macrophage
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Major cytokine that activates macrophages to kill ingested microbes
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IFNg
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Skin test that detects DTH response to Mycobacteria
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PPD
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Time frame to elicit a DTH reaction
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24-48 hours
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Mechanisms of damage in DTH
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Macrophages, CTLs, granulomatous inflammation
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Chronic CMI response to TB
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granulomas
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Defense against helminth infections
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IgE and IL-5-activated eosinophils
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Enzymes that cleave and activate caspases
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Granzymes
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Protein necessary for delivery of granzymes into target cells
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Perforin
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Mechanism of CTL-mediated killing of target cell
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Apoptosis
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Cytokines that inhibit microbicidal activity of macrophages
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IL-4, IL-10, IL-13
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Activating signals for CTLs
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Antigen recognition & firm adhesion
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Viral-induced mechanism of immune evasion
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Inhibit antigen presentation
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Mycobacteria-induced mechanism of immune evasion
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Inhibit phagolysosome fusion
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Unresponsiveness by lymphocytes to self antigens
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Immunologic tolerance
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Tolerance induced in primary lymphoid organs
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Central tolerance
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Tolerance induced in peripheral tissues
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Peripheral tolerance
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Apoptosis of immature lymphocytes due to strong interaction with self peptides
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Negative selection/deletion
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T cell population that arises from recognition of self-antigen
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Regulatory T cells
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Markers of T regulatory cells
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CD25 & Foxp3
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Mechanisms of T regulatory cell-mediated inhibition of T cell responses
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Inhibit T cell activation or effector functions
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Functional inactivation of T cells when exposed to antigen without co-stimulation
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Anergy
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Inhibitory receptors that maintain inactivity of autoreactive T cells
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CTLA-4
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Apoptosis of mature lymphocytes that recognize self peptides
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Deletion/activation-induced cell death
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Mechanisms of apoptosis in activation-induced cell death
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Pro-apoptotic proteins or Fas-FasL interaction
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Expression of new light chain in B cells after recognition of self antigens
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Receptor editing
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Immune response against self antigens
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Autoimmunity
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Factors that contribute to development of autoimmunity
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Genetics & Environment
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Chance of autoimmunity in individual who inherits a particular HLA allele compared with one who does not
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Relative risk
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Defect in this gene results in autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome
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Autoimmune regulator (AIRE)
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Defect in these serum proteins results in lupus-like disease
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C2 & C4
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Defect in this gene results in X-linked polyendocrinopathy and enteropathy (IPEX)
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Foxp3
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Defect in these genes results in autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome
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Fas/FasL
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Similarity between microbial and self antigens
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Molecular mimicry
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Types of antigens that activate large numbers of T cells without binding to antigen recognition site of the TCR
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Superantigens
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Mechanism by which infection may “break” T cell anergy
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Inducing co-stimulators on local APCs
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Tissues/organs normally sequestered from immune response (immune privileged sites)
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Eye, testes, ovary
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Type of antigen present in primary lymphoid tissue
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Tolerogenic self antigens
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Type of antigen typically presented to lymphocytes without second signals
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Tolerogenic self antigens
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Type of antigen typically present throughout life
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Tolerogenic self antigen
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Type of antigen typically present in peripheral lymphoid tissue
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Immunogenic foreign antigens
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Type of antigen typically presented to lymphocytes with second signals
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Immunogenic foreign antigens
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Type of antigen typically short-lived and eliminated by immune response
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Immunogenic foreign antigens
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Route of administration of an antigen most likely to induce tolerance
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Oral
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Route of administration of an antigen most likely to induce an immune response
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Subcutaneous or intramuscular
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Most important antibody for complement activation
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IgM > IgG
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Primary antibody for defense against helminths
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IgE
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Antibody that provides mucosal immunity
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IgA
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Antibody that crosses the placenta to protect neonates
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IgG
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Major opsonizing antibody
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IgG
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Neutralizing antibodies
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IgG, IgA
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Antibody that mediates mast cell degranulation
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IgE
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Binds to dimeric IgA and facilitates transcytosis
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Poly-Ig Receptor
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NK cell-mediated killing of IgG-coated cells
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Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
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Fc receptor involved in ADCC
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FcgRIII (CD16)
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Fc receptor involved mast cell degranulation
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FceRI
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Fc receptor involved in down-regulation of B cell activity
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FcgRIIB (CD32)
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Fc receptor involved in transporting IgG from blood to extracellular spaces
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FcRn
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C3 convertase of classical pathway
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C4b2a
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Complement products that are chemotactic
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C5a > C3a, C4a,
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C3 convertase of alternative pathway
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C3bBb
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Stabilizes C3bBb complex on pathogen surface
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Properdin
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Components of membrane attack complex
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C5b6789
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C5 convertase of classical pathway
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C4b2a3b
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C5 convertase of alternative pathway
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C3bBbC3b
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Component of MAC that polymerizes
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C9
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Complement product that is an opsonin
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C3b
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Deficiency of this complement regulatory protein results in Hereditary Angioneurotic Edema
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C1 inhibitor
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Host protein that displaces Bb from C3b
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Decay accelerating factor
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Proteins unique to the alternative pathway of complement
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Properdin, Factor B and D
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Type of immune protection induced by bacterial vaccines
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Antibodies
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Type of immune protection from live attenuated viral vaccines
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Antibodies and CMI
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Type of immune protection from subunit vaccines
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Antibody
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Type of immune protection from conjugate vaccines
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Antibody
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Type of immune protection from synthetic vaccines
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Antibody
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Mechanism of immune evasion by altering surface antigens recognized by immune system
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Antigenic variation
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Two heavy chains and two light chains
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Ig or B cell receptor
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Antigen-binding domains of a B cell receptor (BCR)
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VH: VL
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Predominant version of T cell receptor in adaptive immunity
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ab receptor
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Antigen-binding domains of the T cell receptor (TCR)
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Va: Vb
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Signaling molecules of BCR complex
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Iga and Igb
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Signaling molecules of TCR complex
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CD3 and z (zeta)
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Complexes of peptide: MHC molecules
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T cell antigen
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Proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, small chemicals
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B cell antigens
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Cells whose antigen receptors that are both membrane bound and secreted
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BCR/ Immunoglobulins (Ig)
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Portion of Ig molecule that binds antigen
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Fab
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Portion of Ig molecule that binds complement
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Fc
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Portion of Ig molecule that binds to macrophages
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Fc
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Number of antigen binding sites on the TCR
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One
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Most abundant antibody in the bloodstream
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IgG
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IgG heavy chain
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g
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Antibody found in GI tract, colostrum, sweat, tears, saliva
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Dimeric IgA
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IgA heavy chain
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a
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Pentameric antibody that potently activates complement
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IgM
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IgM heavy chain
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m
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Only antibody that crosses the placenta
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IgG
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Major class of antibody directed at helminth infections
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IgE
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IgE heavy chain
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e
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Classes of antibody that serve as BCR on naive B cells
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IgD and IgM
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IgD heavy chain
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d
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Antibody that activates mast cells
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IgE
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Opsonizing antibodies
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IgG and IgA
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Two classes of Ig that possess a J chain
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IgM and sIgA
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Half-life of IgG
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21 days
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Derivation of antibodies from a single clone of B lymphocytes that have identical antigen specificity
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Monoclonal antibody
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k and l
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Ig light chains
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Portion of Ig molecule that determines isotype
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Heavy chains
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Activated and differentiated B cell that secretes antibody
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Plasma cell
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Gene segments in variable regions of Ig heavy chain and TCR b chain
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V, D, and J
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First recombination event in BCR heavy chain and TCR b chain
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D-J joining
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Ig light chain and TCR a chain gene segments in variable regions
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V and J
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Rearrangement of V, D, and J segments
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Somatic recombination
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Process that ensures expression of BCR with single specificity
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Allelic exclusion
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Change of Ig class but preservation of antigen specificity
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Isotype switching
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Nucleotide changes in variable regions of Ig genes affecting affinity for antigen
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Somatic hypermutation
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Enzymes responsible for somatic recombination
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VDJ recombinase (RAG-1 and RAG-2)
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Number of CDRs in an intact TCR
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Six
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Total number of V-(D)-J combinations
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Combinatorial diversity
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Number of CDRs in an intact BCR
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Six
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Stage of B cell with no detectable recombination events
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Pro-B cell
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Stage of B cell with recombined H chain and m RNA and surrogate light chains
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Pre-B cell
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Stage of B cell with IgM expressed on surface
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Immature B cell
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Stage of B cell with IgM and IgD expressed on surface
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Mature B cell
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Stage of T cell with no recombined b chain
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Double negative thymocyte; Pro-T cell
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Stage of T cell with recombined b chain and expressed pre-Ta
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Pre-T cell
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Stage of T cell with expressed TCR and both CD4 and CD8
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Double-positive T cell; immature T cell
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Weak recognition of MHC Class II + self-peptide
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Positive selection for CD4+
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Weak recognition of MHC Class I + self-peptide
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Positive selection for CD8+
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No recognition of MHC + self-peptide
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Failure of positive selection
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Strong recognition of MHC + peptide
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Negative selection
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Processed peptides bound to MHC molecules
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T cell antigens
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Recognition by T cells of peptides bound to one’s own MHC molecules
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MHC restriction
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Cells that capture and present peptides to T cells
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Antigen-presenting cells (APC)
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Dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells
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Professional APC’s
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Another name for immature dendritic cell in the skin
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Langerhans cell
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Transports antigen from epithelia to draining lymph node
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Dendritic cells
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Destination of antigens captured in epithelia and sub-epithelial tissues
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Lymph nodes, MALT, GALT, BALT
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Destination of blood-borne antigens
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Spleen
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Microbial-induced activators of dendritic cells
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TNF, IL-1, TLR signaling
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Destination of dendritic cells in lymph nodes
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T cell zones
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Chemical signal that attracts activated dendritic cells to draining lymph node
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Chemokines that bind to CCR7 on dendritic cell
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Afferent lymphatic vessel—lymph node---efferent lymphatic vessel
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Flow of lymph through a draining lymph node
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Human Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) proteins
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Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)
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Genes that encode the Class I MHC molecules
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HLA-A, B, C
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Cells that express Class I MHC molecules
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All nucleated cells
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Genes that encode the Class II MHC molecules
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HLA-DP, DQ, and DR
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Cells that express Class II MHC molecules
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Professional APC’s
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Set of MHC alleles present on each chromosome
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MHC haplotype
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MHC molecules that are recognized by CD8+ T cells
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Class I
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MHC molecules that are recognized by CD4+ T cells
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Class II
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Domains of peptide-binding groove of MHC Class I molecules
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a1:a 2
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CD8 binding site of MHC Class I molecule
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a 3
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Domains of peptide-binding groove of MHC Class II molecules
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a1:b1
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CD4 binding site of MHC Class II molecule
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b2
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Source of antigens for MHC Class I molecules
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Endogenous cytosolic proteins
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Source of antigens for MHC Class II molecules
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Endosomes/Lysosomes
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Site of peptide loading for MHC Class I molecule
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Endoplasmic reticulum
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Site of peptide loading for MHC Class II molecule
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Vesicle
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Enzymes that generate peptides for MHC Class I molecules
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Proteasome
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Enzymes that generate peptides for MHC Class II molecules
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Proteases in vesicles
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T cell population that responds to peptide: MHC Class II molecules
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CD4+ T cells
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T cell population that responds to peptide: MHC Class I molecules
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CD8+ T cells
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Intracellular location of phagocytized microbes
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Vesicles (phagolysosome)
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Location of most intracellular pathogens that have invaded cells
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Cytoplasm
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T cell accessory molecule that binds co-stimulators
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CD28
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T cell accessory molecule involved in negative regulation of activated T cells
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CTLA-4
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APC molecule that provides second signal to T cells
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B7
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T cell accessory molecules involved in signal transduction
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CD4, CD8, CD3 & z (zeta)
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T cell accessory molecules involved in adhesion
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LFA-1 and VLA-4
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Substances that induce expression of co-stimulators on APCs
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Adjuvants
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Autocrine cytokine that promotes T cell proliferation
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IL-2
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Region of contact between APC and T cell
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Immunologic synapse
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Anatomical site of activation of T cells by APCs
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Paracortex of lymph nodes
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Tyrosine motifs on CD3 and z chains involved in signaling
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ITAMs
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Tyrosine kinase that triggers several signaling pathways
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ZAP-70
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High affinity version of the IL-2 Receptor
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IL-2Rabgc
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T cell population that defends against intracellular microbes
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Th1
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Cytokines that drive development of Th1 cells
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IL-12, IFNg
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Signature cytokines of Th1cells
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Interferon-g, TNF, IL-2
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T cell population that defends against extracellular microbes
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Th2
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Cytokine that drives development of Th2 cells
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IL-4
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Signature cytokines of Th2 cells
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IL4, IL-5, IL-13
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T cell population involved in inflammatory disorders
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Th17
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Signature cytokines of Th17
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IL-17, IL-22
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Cytokine that inhibits T cell activation
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TGFb
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Cytokine that induces B cell switching to produce IgE
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IL-4
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Cytokine that activates eosinophils
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IL-5
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T cell population that drives activation of macrophages and production of some classes of antibodies
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Th1
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T cell population that drives production of some classes of antibodies
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Th2
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T cell population that directly kills infected cells
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CTLs
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Ligand expressed on CD4+ T cells that makes APC better at stimulating T cells
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CD40L
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Cellular receptors for microbial antigens on innate immune cells
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Pathogen recognition receptors
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LPS, peptidoglycan, lipoteichoic acid, viral RNA, fungal mannans
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Pathogen associated molecular patterns
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General characteristics of innate immunity
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No induction period, specificity or memory
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Extensive physical barrier to infection
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Epithelial lining of portals of entry
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Most active phagocytic cell and most abundant circulating WBC
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Neutrophil
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Neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells
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Phagocytic cells
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Lysozyme, reactive oxygen intermediates, nitric oxide
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Microbicidal molecules of phagocytes
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Enzyme responsible for production of reactive oxygen species
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Phagocyte oxidase
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Pro-inflammatory cytokines that target endothelium, among others
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TNF, IL-1
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Adhesion molecules expressed on endothelium that mediate rolling of leukocytes
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E and P Selectins
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Adhesion molecules expressed on leukocytes that mediate tethering of leukocytes
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Integrins
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Lymphocytes of innate immunity that provide early defense against viral infections
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NK cells
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Major source of interferon-g (IFN) in innate immune system
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NK cells
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Structural domains found on inhibitory receptors of NK cells
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ITIMs
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Structural domains found on activating receptors of NK cells
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ITAMs
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Intraepithelial lymphocytes that are early sentinels of bacterial infections
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gd T cells
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Activator of classical pathway of complement
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Antibody binding to C1q
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Activator of alternative pathway of complement
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Binding of C3b to microbial surfaces
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Activator of lectin pathway of complement
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Terminal mannose residues of microbial glycoproteins
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Major opsonin generated by complement activation
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C3b
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Pro-inflammatory molecules generated by complement activation
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C3a and C5a
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Polymeric protein complex that lyses microbes
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Membrane Attack Complex (MAC); C6-C9
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Cytokines that activate endothelium
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TNF and IL-1
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Class of cytokines that increase integrin affinity and are chemotacic
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Chemokines
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Cytokine that induces interferon-g production by NK cells and T cells
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IL-12
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Cytokine that activates macrophages
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IFNg
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Anti-viral cytokines
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IFNa/b (Type I IFNs)
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Cytokine that down-regulates immune responses
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IL-10
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Pro-inflammatory cytokines
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TNF, IL-1, IL-6
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Inducers of the acute phase response
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IL-6, TNF, IL-1
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Induces proliferation of plasma cells
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IL-6
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C-reactive protein, mannose-binding lectin and others
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Acute phase proteins
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Signals generated by innate immune response to stimulate lymphocytes
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B7, C3d and IL-12
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Substances given with vaccines that stimulate immune responses
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Adjuvants
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Neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, basophils, eosinophils
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Cells quantified on a CBC
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Two types of host defense systems
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Innate & Adaptive immunity
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First line of defense; nonspecific; always present
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Innate immunity
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Specific or acquired defense
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Adaptive immunity
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Two major classes of lymphocytes in adaptive immunity
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B and T cells
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Lymphocyte most responsible for the clearance of extracellular microbes.
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B cells
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Lymphocyte population most responsible for the clearance of intracellular microbes.
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T cells
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Classes of T cells
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Helper, Cytolytic, Regulatory
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Substance, usually foreign, that reacts with an antibody.
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Antigen
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Substance, usually foreign, that elicits an immune response.
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Immunogen
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Lymphocyte population that secretes antibodies
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B cells (plasma cells)
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Lymphocyte population that directly kills infected cells
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Cytotoxic T cells
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Lymphocyte population that helps B cells make antibodies
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T helper cells
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Lymphocyte population that helps activate macrophages
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T helper cells
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Active immunity that is naturally acquired.
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Recovery from infection
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Active immunity that is artificially acquired.
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Vaccination
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Passive immunity that is naturally acquired.
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Placental transfer of IgG
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Passive immunity that is naturally acquired.
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Breast feeding of IgA
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Passive immunity that is artificially acquired.
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Injection of immune globulin
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Maturation stage of a mature lymphocyte that has not yet engaged antigen.
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Naive lymphocyte
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Maturation stage of a mature lymphocyte that has been activated by antigen.
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Effector lymphocyte
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Maturation stage of a mature lymphocyte that is long-lived and ready to rapidly respond to antigen on the second/subsequent exposures.
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Memory lymphocyte
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Secondary lymphoid tissue where the response occurs to blood-borne antigens.
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Spleen
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Secondary lymphoid tissue where the response occurs to tissue-borne antigens.
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Lymph nodes, MALT, GALT, BALT
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Major cell types involved in innate immunity
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Granulocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells
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Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
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Granulocytes
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Primary lymphoid tissue
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Bone marrow, thymus
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Anatomic location where stem cells reside
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Bone marrow
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Anatomic site of B cell maturation
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Bone marrow
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Anatomic site of T cell maturation
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Thymus
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Cells that capture and present peptides to T cells
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Antigen-presenting cells (APC)
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Professional antigen presenting cells
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Dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells, FDC
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Response to first exposure to an antigen
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Primary immune response
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Response to repeat encounters with the same antigen
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Secondary immune response
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Major antibody produced in serum during primary immune response
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IgM
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Major antibody produced in serum during secondary immune response
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IgG
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Anatomic location of T cells in lymph nodes
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Paracortex
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Anatomic location of B cells in lymph nodes
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Follicle (cortex)
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Anatomic location of T cells in spleen
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Periarteriolar sheath
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Specialized venules in lymph nodes where T cells enter
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High endothelial venules
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