Nanomedicine Essay

Great Essays
When external antigen causes disease by infection, cell-mediated immune response in our body acts as basal defense system against exogenous pathogen. Native and adoptive immune system has established to attack infected cell by recognizing major histocompatibility complex (MHC). There are two major lymphocytes related to killing effect called cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells.[1], CTLs and NK cells recognize peptide epitope present on MHC class I to find infected cell. Especially, activated T cells are divided into effector T cell and memory T cell for effective defense system against secondary infection.[2] Cancer, which is classed as representative intractable disease, expresses TAA or mutated protein onto the surface of cancer cell. It also activates …show more content…
Nanomedicine can be accumulated at tumor site by enhanced permeability and retention time (EPR) effect, and thus is used in various clinical trials in the form of nano-formulation even in cancer immunotherapy.[7] Among various materials, hyaluronic acid (HA) has drawn tremendous attention owing to its superior biocompatibility and bio-degradability.[8] Furthermore, it can actively target tumor because of CD 44 receptor, as it has specific binding affinity with HA, which is over expressed on the surface of cancer cell followed by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Therefore, it might have great potential as an effective cancer therapeutic delivering formulation.
Theoretically, for being an effective cancer immunotherapeutic agent, three elements are vitally required: foreign antigen, immunologic adjuvant, and delivery technology. According to the backgrounds of this research as I mentioned so far, if that ideal agent can be formulated, it would be an innovative cancer immunotherapeutic agent, which could overcome the limitations of conventional

Related Documents

  • Improved Essays

    The Benefits Of Melanoma

    • 818 Words
    • 4 Pages

    This adventure also lead to the creation of melanoma vaccines. Even though the T-cell have low cupidity, advancement in technology had enabled researches to calculate “antigen T-cells reproducibly.” Overcoming the fact that immune system has evolved to avoid reacting against self-antigens, it remains as a major challenge in the development of cancer vaccines. There are different kinds of cancer vaccines. One of them is Allogeneic Vaccines.…

    • 818 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    A Modest Proposal

    • 1341 Words
    • 6 Pages

    State of the Problem In its variety of forms, cancer is estimated to affect more than 14 million people per year, and is the cause the death of more than 8 million (National Cancer Institute). Despite millions of dollars of research in the field, and a concentrated effort by researchers around the globe, a panacea for cancer doesn’t exist, although much headway has been made in earlier detection and better treatment methods. Much of the difficulty in treating the disease lies in its diversity; cancer is as varied as it is deadly.…

    • 1341 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    After taking an incredibly challenging, but informative, immunology class, I became captivated by the human immune system. Clearly, cancer biology is intimately related to immunology and advancements in both fields will be vital to enhancing our understanding of these topics, as well as for pioneering new translational therapeutics. I am particularly interested in the intersection between immunology and the development and potential treatment of cancer. Given that the immune system is normally rather adept at keeping cancerous cells at bay, I believe that a deeper understanding of cancer development with regard to the immune system will be the key to developing more successful cancer…

    • 1063 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Great Essays

    Since there is vein like vesicles present in the female breast, the lymphatic system serves as the primary mechanism of defenses in the immune system. Unlike genetic disorders, cancer cells are pleomorphic because they possess many different types of cancers ranging from breast cancer to colorectal cancer. A standard feature that every kind of cancer consists of is the abnormal multiplication and spread of cells in the body (Hirshaut & Pressman, pp. 30-38). As a result of abnormal multiplication of cancer cells, body cells migrate from their point of origin to different body part locations resulting in the formation of…

    • 2239 Words
    • 9 Pages
    Great Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Brain tumors are responsible for a lot of deaths in children and adults. Indeed, even with advances in surgery, radiation treatment, and chemotherapy, numerous patients determined to have a threatening cerebrum tumor survive just months to weeks. Cerebrum tumors in the US, and, at present, normal survival is around 14 months for patients bearing the most harmful gliomas and treated with the standard treatment of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Quality treatment incorporates the transport of characteristics that drive the treatment to the tumor cells. Along these lines, it is essential to discover a vector that conveys a particular quality to tumor tissue productively and to characterize the kind of qualities that murder tumor cells generally…

    • 741 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Decent Essays

    Cancer therapies are currently limited to surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. All three methods risk damage to normal tissues or incomplete eradication of the cancer. Nanotechnology offers the means to aim therapies directly and selectively at cancerous cells. Conventional chemotherapy employs drugs that are known to kill cancer cells effectively. But these cytotoxic drugs kill healthy cells in addition to tumor cells, leading to adverse side effects.…

    • 249 Words
    • 1 Pages
    Decent Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Bbm Therapeutic Analysis

    • 1266 Words
    • 6 Pages

    GBM tumors biologically present a number of challenges for development of anticancer drugs and their delivery to the tumor site. Perhaps the biggest obstacle is the localization of tumors in the brain, which implies that the anti-cancer agent must be able to penetrate the blood brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates circulating blood from cerebrospinal fluid in the Central Nervous System (CNS). It is mainly formed by endothelial cells lining the brain microvessels.…

    • 1266 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Conspiracies of cancer Everyone knows somebody with it, someone who's beaten it, or somebody who's died from it. It is the second leading cause of death in the United States, and kills more than 500,000 Americans every year. If you haven't figured out what's being talked about already, it's cancer. Cancer is a cureless disease that has caused problems since the Mesozoic era.…

    • 1258 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Great Essays

    Immune Engineering and Cancer 2 Introduction Cancer continues to be a battle to cure. Some cancers can be cured with early detection and some unfortunately cannot. Scientist have been trying to develop a cure for cancer for many years and now with the advancement in technology medical researchers are working on immune engineering to fight cancer. Immune engineering is new technology they have been working on for at least a decade. Researchers will hopefully find a way to fight and kill the cancer cells until a cure is discovered.…

    • 1559 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Great Essays
  • Improved Essays

    This mechanism of defense is controlled by the immune system, and its principal and general function is to combat foreign microorganism such as virus and bacteria that may be harmful to our health. The Immune system is divided into two major categories: a) innate immune system and b) adaptive immune system (figure 1). The innate immune system responds to a pathogen in a generic way, it does not offer long-lasting or protective immunity to the host like the adaptive immune system []. The adaptive immune system is primarily composed of lymphocytes B and T, Natural Killer Cells and complementary cells and organs that fight with unwanted compounds thru our body []. The B cells produced the Major Histocompatibility Complex, the T cells and Killer T cells [].…

    • 1102 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    The “war on cancer” is now in its fourth decade since the president Richard Nixon declared war against cancer, leading to the National Cancer Act in 1971. Since 2004, when National Cancer Institute launched the Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer, a lot of efforts and massive fundings have been devoted to the development of novel nanotechnologies in order to reduce cancer mortality. Although localized primary solid tumors can be successfully removed surgically, the treatment of spreading tumors and tumor metastases requires extensive chemotherapy which aims to kill tumor cells or to inhibit their proliferation while preserving the normal cells in the body.…

    • 147 Words
    • 1 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    “It is the weight, not numbers of experiments that is to be regarded”1. As Sir Isaac Newton, one of the most influential scientists in history, states – the design of an experiment is very important. Therefore, aspiring scientists must learn about many different types of techniques and its applications. Over the past six weeks, students were exposed to six experts discussing different fields of research but their studies contained many overlapping qualities. Some common topics discussed were using animals to model mental illnesses, paths to drug discovery in oncology, and the role of inflammation in mental illness etiology.…

    • 994 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Targeted therapy ahs been successful in halting the tumor growth in 81 per cent of the patients in comparison to chemotherapy, which slows down tumor growth in just 15 per cent of the population for an average of two months(Harmon “A Drug Trial Cycle: Recovery, Relapse, Reinvention” 2). In addition to these advantages the use of targeted therapy has made it possible to control melanoma in the advanced stages of melanoma where the chance of survival is minimal. “The New England Journal of Medicine called the drug “a major breakthrough” for people with advanced melanoma, whose median survival is eight months after diagnosis” (Harmon “A Drug Trial Cycle: Recovery, Relapse, Reinvention” 2). Targeted therapy has proved to be less toxic and more tolerable by the patients than traditional chemotherapy(Harmon “A Drug Trial Cycle: Recovery, Relapse, Reinvention” 1). It was evident in the case of the two brothers who were undergoing different treatments for the same disease.…

    • 779 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    The basis for a new therapy were the gold nanoparticles surrounded by a shell of a plurality of spherical molecules of RNA. According bioengineers, spherical particle structure allows it to pass unobstructed through the immune barrier on the surface of the skin and pass through the pores in the cell walls. When nanosphere penetrates the cell, it opens and the cell is flagged plurality of short fragments of RNA or DNA, neutralizing work damaged genes. And the cure for…

    • 540 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Quadruple fluorescent and enzymatic immunostaining of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and their ligands had been performed using 4 µm sectioned fixed tissues. A citrate antigen was silver stained with anti-cytokeratin AE1/AE3 antibody (IgG1), followed by a mixture of antibodies ab828 (polyclonal, anti-CD8), HNK-1 (IgM, anti-CD57), and 4B11 (IgG2b, anti-CD8) were added to a slide of the fixed tissue. This procedure was then followed by the addition of fluorescent antibody conjugates to the added antibodies; IgG-Alexa Fluor 546, IgM-Alexa Fluor 488, IgG2b-Alexa Fluor 647. The same procedure was performed for the control tissues as well. The slides were imaged under a confocal laser scanning microscope in order to retrieve a cell count of lymphocytes…

    • 893 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Improved Essays

Related Topics