Humanities 201 Midterm 1

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Civilization

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the movement from small places to big cities (bc of agricultural techniques). It is divided into social classes by wealth and occupation. In a civilization there is written communication, poetry, record history and trade receipts, religion, and tools (specialization of tools and skills).

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Sympathetic magic

Back 2

- act of imitation you can affect reality (ex. vudou doll) -usually they would be paintings of animals (for food and clothing- which is the source of life for them) on a cave wall bc a cave could equal a secluded place, meditation, and it was inside mother earth (womblike).

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Fertility cult

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The art for this term is Venus of Willendorf (pg. 5 of C.V.) which was from 28,000-23,000 B.C.E. in Austria made of limestone during the Paleolithic Age. -it represent of the source of life is women. The facial figures of this art are not as important bc they aren't involved in fertility.

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Cuneiform

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Created in Mesoptamia by the Sumerians(3500-2350 bce). - split reeds in soft clay and then baked. - started as pics and then evolved to wedge shaped marks similar to hieroglyphics (cuneiform was the 1st form of writing that we know of). (p. 7 of C.V.)

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Ziggurat

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During the Semetic Period (2350-1800 bce) in the Neo-Sumerian time period(2100-2000bce). - it was the Sumerians religious structure made of bricks built to form terraces (sites of worship where gods would dwell). (ex. p. 10 C.V. -> Ziggurat of Ur)

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Mummification

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In Ancient Egypt (around 2700 BCE) the pervading belief was that in order to make it to the afterlife the body needed to be preserved, and mummification was the process by which the ancient Egyptians tried to preserve the body. They would remove all of the organs from the dead body and put them into jars, except for the heart, and they used chemicals such as natron to dry out the body.

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Opening of the Mouth

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Ancient Egyptian funerary ritual involving the symbolic animation of a statue or mummy by magically opening its mouth so that it could breath and speak.

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Book of the Dead

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A series of sacred texts that describe funeral rites and their meanings. Includes Osiris, god who presided over funeral ceremonies, his wife Isis and their son Horu

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Ba Bird

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(Ba was the soul) Ba bird would return to the tomb give the dead what it needed and then return to paradise as the sun rose. The Ba is the part of the human soul that remains with the body of the deceased. It is often depicted as a winged figure, the Ba-bird, which symbolizes the ascension of the soul after death.

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Polytheism

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belief in many Gods. The Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans where all polytheistic

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Cartonnage

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Is a type of material composing Egyptian funerary masks. It was made of layers of linen or papyrus covered with plaster. Some of the Fayum mummy portraits are also painted on panels made of cartonnage. Used in the end of the Old Kingdom and the beginning of the middle kingdom.

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Linear A

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An ancient script used in Ancient Crete. the once pictoral hieroglyphics became more linear and developed into Linear A script. Written into soft clay with a stylus

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Light-well

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Vertical shafts running down through the buildings to carry light to the lower stories- Ex. Palace of Knossos

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Fresco

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Painting done on fresh coats of plaster- Ex. Knossos, "bull jumping fresco" (the Palace of Knossos 1600-1400 BCE)

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Greek gods

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Came from Cronus and Rhea, then listed all the Gods; Aphrodite, Apollo, Ares, Artemis, Athena, Demeter, Dionysus, Hades, Hephaestus, Hera, Hermes, Hestia, Poseidon, Zeus

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Psyche

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individual influence thought, behavior personality. Soul=psyche - responsible for behavior. I couldn't find an example though

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Greek burial

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3 stages 1)Prothesus-laying out the body (viewing), 2)Ekphora-procession of body, 3)Interim-burying of body in ground- Ex. I used Achilles' friend Patrocleus' funeral (in the story)

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Dactylic Hexameter

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A meter in poetry used in Homer's Iliad and The Odyssey and Vigirl's Aeneid. Considered to be the grand style of poetry.

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Hero

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The hero in the story is "the speaker of words, the doer of deeds". The hero cycle consists of three things 1) departure, 2) Initiation, 3) Return

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Arête

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skills in battle (Achilles had Arete)- opposite would be Metis, or cunning "smarts" (Odysseus had Metis)

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Invocation to the Muse

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The muses are typically invoked at or near the beginning of an epic poem or classical Greek hymn. They have served as aids to an author of prose, too, sometimes represented as the true speaker, for whom an author is only a mouthpiece. Originally, the invocation of the Muse was an indication that the speaker was working inside the poetic tradition, according to the established formulas. Two examples were Homer in the Odyssey and Virgil in Aeneid.

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In medias res

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In the middle of things (The Iliad was In medias res)

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In mediis rebus

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Toward the end of a hero's adventure (The Odyssey was In mediis rebus)

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Epic

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A long narrative poem celebrating the exploits of a herioc character

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Proem

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an introduction to a poem

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Epithet

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Adjective used to describe the special characteristics of a person or object.
Achilles
son of Peleus
swift-footed (podas ôkus)
god-like (dios)
shepherd of the people
leader of men

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Dramatic irony

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irony that is inherent in speeches or a situation of a drama and is understood by the audience but not grasped by the characters in the play. Example is when Odysseus finally reaches home but is disguised as an old, poor man. We know that he is there and who he really is, but the other characters don't know.

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Atasthalia

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Recklessness.

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Xenia

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Hospitality- guest friendship. The host must give the guest a gift as a sign of respect.Pg 308 Cyclops violates Xenia... Attacks his guests and doesn't give them a gift or welcome them into his home.

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Kleos

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Kleos is a greek word meaning the glory a chacter recieves for their deeds. In Medea, Medea takes away Jason's kleos by killing his children

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Pediment

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The pediment consists of the triangular section above the entablature.

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Frieze

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The middle band of painted or carved decoration that forms the upper part of Doric temple

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Triglyph

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A panel carved into three vertical bands, alternating with metopes on a doric frieze

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Metope

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Rectangular panels often decorated with sculpture which are alternated with triglyphs in a doric frieze

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Flute

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Vertical grooves on Greek column

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Stylobate

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The upper step on which the columns of a Greek temple stand. (see fig. 2.17 in C.V.)

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Capital

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The head, or crowning part, of a column taking the weight of the entablature. Within the Doric order it consists of two sections, the echinus (convex disc) and abacus (square block). Within the Ionic order it consists of a pair of spirals, or volutes. (see fig. 2.17 in C.V.)

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Abacus

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Square block forming part of a Doric capital. (see fig. 2.17 in C.V.)

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Echinus

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A spreading convex disc forming part of a Doric capital. (see fig. 2.17 in C.V.)

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Entablature

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The upper part of a greek temple consisting of the architrave, frieze, and cornice. (see fig. 2.17 in C.V.)

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Kore/ Kouros

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Greek Sculpture: KORE - standing female (always clothed in drapery) KOUROS - standing male (always portrayed nude -- broke away from Eygptian tradition). Both Kore and Kouros had traditional rigid Eygptian stance with one foot, generally the left, forward; arms by the side, and hands in clenched; wig-like hair. *Early kouroi and korai were rigid and flat but during the Archaic period (6th Century) they became more fully-rounded and human-like by the *Late Archaic period. There were some notable *exceptions to the traditional kouros stance
*Early kore - Kore from Delos, 650 BCE (p41 fig. 2.6); *Early kouros - Kouros from Attica, c 600 BCE (p41 fig. 2.7); *Late kore - Peplos Kore from Acropolis, Athens, c 530 BCE (p43 fig. 2.10); *Late kouros - Kouros from Anavyos, c 530 BCE (p42 fig. 2.8); *exceptions - Calf-bearer, c 550 BCE (p43 fig 2.9) - kouros figured with calf, interesting diagonals created between man's arms and calf's legs)

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Archaic smile

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facial expression contained by almost every Archaic period sculpture. refers to smiling expression on sculptures faces that we might see more as a grimace. Common beliefs as to why 1. inexperience of sculpture 2. "reflection of Archaic Greeks sense of certainty and optimism". By the end of the 6th century more somber expressions replaced the Archaic smile (with arrival of threat by Persians)

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Contrapposto

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placing a human figure so that one part is turned in a direction opposite to another part (ie Kritios Boy from Acropolis, Athens, c 490 BCE -- p45 fig. 2.13)

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Pottery types: Protogeometric, Geometric, Corinthian, red figure ware, black figure ware

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Protogeometric - from the Geometric Period (1000-900 BCE), simple, bold designs consisting mainly of concentric circles and semicircles, ie Protogeometric amphora, c 950 BCE -- p38 fig. 2.2); Geometric - from the Geometric Period used linear designs, zig zags, triangles, diamonds, and the meander (a maze pattern). addition of the human form and animals in the 8th century (900-700 BCE -- Dipylon Amphora, c 750 BCE -- p39 fig. 2.3); Corinthian - miniature style, wide variety of Eastern motifs, images arranged in bands, used bold colors like yellow and purple (Aryballos, c. 625 BCE -- p40 fig. 2.4; black-figure ware - Athenian vase-painting technique whereby the outline of a figure was painted in solid black, and the details were produced by cutting away the paint witha fine point; Red-figure ware - style of Athenian vase-painting whereby red figures are painted on a black background and adding details with a brush

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Chorus

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The collective body that interacts witth individual actors in a Greek tragedy and comments on the main action. Had integral part in Greek tragedy through the 5th century, represents the the pt of view of a spectator (ie in the play Medea, the chorus urges Medea not to kill her children)

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Tragedy

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a serious drama in which the principal character is often brought to disaster by his/her "hamartia", or tragic flaw i.e. Medea, Oedipus the King, Antigone playwrights include:Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides

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Catharsis

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"cleansing or purging of the soul"- experienced by person who has undergone a tragic series of events, occurs at the end of each tragedy. Happens to audience

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Hamartia

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used by Aristotle to denote character flaw in noble people that causes their tragic fate. Seen in Sophocles "Oedipus", his pride and stubborness eventually bring about the final disastrous revelation.

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Hubris

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Greek for "insolence;" excessive -and therefore self-destructive- pride and ambition. It usually leads to downfall. People should try to maintain equilibrium.

Front 50

Deus Ex Machina

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"from the machine" -the machine that was emplyed in the theater to show the gods flying in space. It has come to mean an implausible way of solving complications of the plot. i.e. Medea escaping from Corinth "on the machine" in her magic chariot

Front 51

Meander

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Circles and semicircles in the decorating of pottery were replaced by linear designs, zigzags, triangles, diamonds, and above all the Meander in 900-700 bce. The meander is a maze pattern. The Meander pattern is found on the "Dipylon Amphora" c. 750 bce. Athens.

Front 52

Polis

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Greece split up into a series of independent regions that corresponded to the geographical barriers (mountains and hills). Within each of these geographically discrete areas there developed an urban center that controlled the surrounding countryside. A central urban community of this kind was called by the greeks of a later period a polis, a term generally translated as "city-state". the polis came to represent the central force in the life of each individual citizen. Athens is the Polis in the geographical region know as Attica.

Front 53

Phrygian

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Greek music was composed using a series of distinct modes or scale types. the Phrygian mode produced passionate, sensual emotions . the music supposedly came from Asia Minor and phrygian bears the name of a place in Asia Minor.

Front 54

Socratic Method

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answer each question with a question in order to let the asker answer their own question through their reasoning a form of philosophical inquiry in which the questioner explores the implications of others' positions. This method often involves an oppositional discussion in which one point of view is pitted against another; one participant may lead another to contradict himself in some way, strengthening the inquirer's own point. in the "apology of socrates"

Front 55

Sophism

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The term sophism originated from Greek sophistēs, meaning "wise-ist", one who "does" wisdom, one who makes a business out of wisdom. The sophists we the professional philosophers of the day. making weaker argument the stronger. To the sophists true wisdom is the awareness of own ignorance. they dont need to know everything

Front 56

High relief

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Form of sculpture that appeared during the Archaic Period. In this form, sculpted figures do not stand freely, visible from all angles, but are carved into a block of stone, part of which is left as background. In high relief the figures project from the background so much as to seem almost three-dimensional. Temple sculpture, or achitectural sculpture is often done in high relief form. Example of this is [Fig. 2.11] (pg.44) "Medusa from Selinus"

Front 57

Low relief

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In low reliefs, the carving preserves the flat surface of the stone and there is not near as much protrusion. Individual carved stone slabs are generally done in low relief form--for example, the grave stone stele's are done in low relief forms, like [fig. 2.12] (pg.44) "Stele of Aristion."

Front 58

Tholos

Back 58

I didn't find much on Tholos in my notes, and nothing in the CIV, except for that a Tholos--or beehive tombs--are stone chambers that housed bodies, and they are attributed to Mycenae.

Front 59

Hierarchy of scale

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I can't find anything!!! Does anyone have this in their notes, or know where to look in the book? The heirarchy of scale principle is where a ruler's importance is illustrated through the size of him and the repetition of him in an artistic portrayal. A good example is the temple at Abu Simbel, where there are four giant depictions of King Ramses II. Also, this principle is used in the example of the 4 giant King Ramses to show the greatness of King Ramses in comparison to his wife at his side who is depicted as 1/4 his size.

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Sphinx

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The Great Sphinx was comissioned by King Chefren of the Old Kingdom in Egypt. The Sphinx has the body of a lion, and the head of a human--(it is noted that the head of the Great Sphinx may even be idealized portrait of King Cepfren). The Sphinx is carved out of the natural surface of the rock, and it guards the pharoah's burial chamber at the heart of his pyramid (CV page 14). Greeks saw the Sphinx as a divine symbol of the mysterious and enigmatic. Greek art frequently uses the sphinx as a motif, and it also appears in Greek mythology, most typically in the story of how Oedipus solved its riddle and thereby saved the Greek city of Thebes from disaster.

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Nostos

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Nostos is the Greek word for homecoming, most often applied to Greek heroes' homeward journeys after the taking of Troy. Nostos is evident in The Odyssey as Odysseus is trying to get home to Penelope after the Trojan War.

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Oikos

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An oikos is the ancient Greek equivalent of a household, house, or family. An oikos was the basic unit of society in most Greek city-states, and included the head of the oikos (usually the oldest male), his extended family (wife and children), and slaves living together in one domestic setting. Large oikoi also had farms that were usually tended by the slaves, which were also the basic agricultural unit of the ancient economy.

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Dithyramb

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The dithyramb was originally an ancient Greek hymn sung to the god Dionysus. Dithyrambos was an epithet of Dionysus as well as a song in his honor. According to Aristotle, the dithyramb was the origin of the Ancient Greek theatre. In Athens dithyrambs were sung by a Greek chorus of up to fifty men or boys, and was subsequently was developed into a literary form that later evolved into the Greek tragedy.

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Orientalizing

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The orientalizing period is the cultural and art historical period informed by the art of Syria and Phoenicia, which started during the later part of the 8th century BCE. It encompasses a new, orientalizing style, spurred by a period of increased cultural interchange in the Aegean world. The period is characterized by a shift from the prevailing Geometric Style to a style with different sensibilities, which were inspired by the East. The intensity of the cultural interchange during this period is sometimes compared to that of the Late Bronze Age.

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Persian and Peloponnesian Wars

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Shortly after democratic government was restored at Athens, the Greeks became embroiled with the Persian empire. In 499, the Greek cities of western Asia began to rebel against their Persian rulers and the Athenians sent for help. The Persians crushed the revolt and then King Daruis led an expedition aginast the Greeks as punshiment. Darius was defeated at the Battle of Marathon, but ten years later his son Xerxes invaded Greece and sacked Athens, although the Athenians deated the Perisan navy at a subsequent battle. The next year, combined Greed forces defeated Xerxes' army on land and the Persians returned home. In 431, the Peloponnesian War erupted with Athens on one side and the rest of Greece on the other. When Pericles died, the war dragged on without a firm leader for years. Athens tried to launch a campaign against Sicily, but eventually surrendered to the Spartans and their allies.

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Two orders: Doric, Ionic

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Doric columns have no base, and taper towards the top. They have twenty flutes and the capital consists of the echinus and the abacus. The entablature is divided into the architrave, the frieze, and the cornice, topped off by the pediment. The Ionic order is more graceful and elaborate in architectural details. They rise from a tiered base and have twenty-four flutes, which are separated by narrow vertical bands. The capitals consist of a pair of spiral volutes, and the architrave has three three projecting bands. Instead of alternating between triglyphs and metopes like the Doric columns, the Ionic frieze is decorated with a continuous sculpted band.

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Architrave

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The lowest section of the entablature. It's usually a plain band of rectangular blocks directly below the frieze.

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Entasis

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The slight convex curve shaped into the shaft of a column. Columns that had no entasis and were completely straight produced the illusion that they were concave and so columns were created slightly convex to appear straight to the viewers eye.

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Volute

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The volute is the scroll-like capital on top of an ionic column. The style is most notably ionic although we sometimes do see it in composite (doric/ionic) structures

Front 70

Caryatid

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These were female statues that were used in the place of the traditional columns of a temple to support a roof. We see them on the south porch of the Erectheum (or temple of multiple gods).

Front 71

Modes (musical)

Back 71

Pythagoras established the numerical relationship of notes to one another to divide the basic unit of the octave (series of 8 notes) into smaller intervals. These intervals were combined to form a series of individual scales (not chords) or modes. Different modes had different names and different feels to them. The Dorian mode: serious and warlike. The Phrygian mode: exciting and emotional. The Mixolydian mode: plaintive and pathetic, etc.

Front 72

Canon of proportions

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The canon of proportions was the work that had explained in it the theoretics for the perfect form of man. We have no hard copy of the actual canon itself, only references to it from other historical sources. Polykleitos's "Spear-bearer" is supposed to be an embodiment of the canon of proportions.

Front 73

Metaphysical

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Literally means "beyond the physical." It contradicts physical senses, but reflects the soul, intellect, and ideas.

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Ethos

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The disposition, character, or fundamental values peculiar to a specific person, people, culture, or movement

Front 75

Doctrine of Mean

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Finding an equal or fair amount of an attribute that is balanced between excess and deficiency. In order to obtain virtue, one must have moderation in temperence, knowledge, courage, and justice in order to obtain arete

Front 76

Doctrine of Forms

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Plato's theory that the world consists of two realms: physical, and metaphysical. The physical realm consists of all matter that is known by the senses. The metaphysical realm contains higher, spiritual forms that represent "The Good." Each physical form has a corresponding metaphysical form (like the example used in class of the metaphysical chair, and our attempt to reproduce "the good" chair). Understanding these things brings us to true knowledge and understanding of reality.

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Irony

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The use of words to convey a meaning that is opposite of its literal meaning

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Hellenistic

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The spreading of Greek language, culture, literature, architecture, art, music, etc.

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The Illiad

Back 79

Archaic Greek (700-490BC)
Homer
Greek

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The Odyssey

Back 80

Archaic Greek (700-490BC)
Homer
Greek

Front 81

Medea

Back 81

Early Greek (480-431 BC)
Euripides
Athens

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Oedipus the King

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Early Greek (480-431 BC)
Sophocles
Athens

Front 83

Apology and Republic

Back 83

Classical Greek (431-323 BC)
Plato
Athens

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Poetics and Nicomachean Ethics

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Classical Greek (431-323 BC)
Aristotle
Athens