Human Physiology Biol 273 Midterm 1 Study Notes

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CNS

Back 1

The Central Nervous System consisting of Brain and Spinal Cord

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Nuclei

Back 2

cluster of cell bodies in the CNS

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Tract

Back 3

bundles of axon forming a pathway

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PNS

Back 4

The Peripheral Nervous System that consists of everything else such as ganglia, receptors, bundles of axon of sensory and motor neurons

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Ganglia

Back 5

cluster of cell bodies in the PNS

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Neuron

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cells that sends signals to other cells using chemical or electrical potentials

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Glial cells

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ensures neurons are functioning the way they should be, but do not carry electrical signals over long distances

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Neurotransmitters

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chemicals secreted by neurons that diffuse through a small gap to the target cell

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Soma

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also known as the cell body which contains the nucleus and all the biosynthetic machinery. this is the center of the chemical process that keeps cell functioning and alive

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Dendrites

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slender processes that receives information and transmits chemical signals TOWARDS the soma

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Axon

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cytoplasmic extensions that sends out information, transmitting electrical impulses AWAY from the Soma

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Axon Terminal

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end of the axon (connection between neuron and other cells)

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trigger Zone

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axon hillock which is the integrating center of the neuron

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Myelin

Back 14

a layer of schwann cells that acts as an electrical insulator

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Schwann cells

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special glial cells that wrap around the axon

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Node of Ranvier

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the parts of an axon where there are breaks in the myelin sheath

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Afferent Neurons

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sensory neurons that receives information from receptor cells transmitting the information to the CNS; long cytoplasmic estensions that transmits information to interneurons

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Receptors

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converts stimuli and transmit information to afferent neurons

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Efferent Neuron

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motor neurons that receves information form interneurons located within the CNS; where the cytoplamic extensions transmits information to effectors

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Interneurons

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located in the CNS and transits information signals with the CNS (in spinal cord or brain)

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Synapse

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region where the axon terminal communicates with its postsynaptic target cell

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Presynaptic Neuron

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neuron from the synapse where signal was transmitted from

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Posysynaptic Neuron

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neuron at the synapse where the signal is received

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Astoglia

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glial cells part of the CNS which are small star shaped and makes contact with blood vessels an neurons to transmit nutrients helping to maintain homeostasis

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Microglial

Back 25

in CNS small cells that are specialized immune cells to remove damaged cells and foreign invaders

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Oligodendrites

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is the CNS version of schwann cells that wraps around the neuron to form myelin

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Depolarization

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a decrease in membrane potential that cases the cell to be less negative

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Hyperpolarization

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an increase in the membrane potential that cause the cell to become more negative

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Repolarization

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moving or regaining resting potential

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Graded Potential

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can be depolarizing and hyperpolarizing; the amplitude of the potential is proportional to the strength of the trigger and it only travels short distances

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Action Potential

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are either on or off (must reach threshold -55mV) and the strength does not diminsih as they travel long distance

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threshold Potential

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the minimum depolarization necessary to trigger an action potential (-55 mV)

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All-or-none

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electrical signal must reach threshold or else no signal or action will be produced

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Relative-refractory Period

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requires a large superthreshold stimulus in order to trigger an action potential

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Absolute-refractory Period

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period where no action potential can be conducted

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Saltatory Conduction

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action potential jumping from one node of ranvier to the next which causes stimulus to travel down axon faster

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IPSP (Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential)

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hyperpolarizing graded potential that decrease the chance of exciting the axon

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EPSP (Excitory Post Synaptic Potential)

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depolarizing graded potential that increases the chance of exciting the axon

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Synaptic Vesicle

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vessels that store neurotransmitters that are released into the synapse

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Temporal summation

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summations that occurs from graded potentials that overlaps in time

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Spatial summation

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current of nearby stimulus graded potentials combine

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Acetylcholine

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type of neurotransmitter that react with muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors

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Norepinephrine

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biogenic neurotransmitter that is synthesized in the axon terminal and packaed accepted by adrenergic receptors

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Nicotinic

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chloinergic channel receptor tat produces fast response

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Muscarinic

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chloinergic G protein receptor tha produces a slow response

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receptor types

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G-protein and channels

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Physiology

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the study of structure and functions of a living organism and the componetn parts

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Organ system

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tissues that form structural and functional units known as organs and groups of organs integrate their functions

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Homeostasis

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the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment

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Set Point

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adaptation of physiological processes to a given environment condition

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Circadian Rhythm

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control mechanism for homeostasis

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Reflex Control

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long distance pathways that use nervous systems, endocrine systems or both

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Negative feedback

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pathway where response opposes or removes signal and restoring the normal state

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Positive Feedback

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response reinforces the stimulus to become further away from the normal

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Feedforward Regulation

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anticipatory control where predictions of change is going to happen and starts response to prevent change

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Cell memebrane

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barrier that controls what enters and exits the cell

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Gap Junction

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also known as direct cell-to-cell communication where adjacent cells communicate via protein channels called conexions

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Tight Junction

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junction that restricts material movement between cells that are linked together

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Anchoring junction

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cells attaached to each other on the extracellular matrix wchich has CAMs that binds signal molecules and transfers information across cell

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Epithelia

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to protect internal environment from external environment in an individual

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Connective Tissue

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provides structral support and barriers

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Muscle

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allowing ability to contract to produce force and movement

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Neural

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cells that carries information from one part of the body to another

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Paracrine

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chemical that are released from one cell reacts on other cells that are close

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Autocrine

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chemicals that are released act on itself

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Receptors

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transmembrane proteins that are found on the plasma membrane that transfers signals

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Competition

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activity of multiple things that desires the same thing

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Down-regulation

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process where cells decrease quantity of cellular components

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Up-regulation

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process where cells are increasing the quantity of cellular components

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Skeletal Muscles

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attached to the bones of the skeleton controlling the body’s movement

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Smooth Muscle

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primary muscle in internal organs and tubes that influences movement of materials through the body

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Cardiac Muscle

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pumps to move blood around the body

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Tendons

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muscles that are composed of collagens that attaches bones and muscles together

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Striated Muscles

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contractible fibrils in cells that are aligned in parallel bundles

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Myofibrils

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functional units of skeletal muscle

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Muscle fibre

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muscle cells found in fascicle

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Thick Filament

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about 250 myosin molecules that are joint together

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Myosin

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two coiled proteins molecules that have a head and tail region joined together by a flexible joint

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Thin Filament

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made up of actin

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Z-line

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site of attachment for thin filaments

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I band

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region containing only thin filament

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A band

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region containing thing and thick filament

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H-zone

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part of A band and only contains thick filament

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M Line

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site of attachment for thick filament

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Cross-bridge

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interactions of myosin head with actin filament

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Acclimatization

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the adaptation of physiological processes to a given set of environmental conditions

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Local control

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a control mechanism in homeostasis

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Acclimatization

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adaption of physiological function to a given set of environment

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Local Control

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control mechanism for homeostasis where it restricts certain cells and tissues

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What are the five types of epithelial cells?

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Ciliated, Protected, Secretory, Exchange and Transport

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ciliated Epithelia Cells

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found in airways and female reproductive system

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Secretory Epithelia Cells

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synthesize and release products into external environment

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Exchange Epithelia Cells

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rapid exchange of materials in the respiratory system

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Transporting Epithelia cells

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selective transport of materials

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Protective Epithelia Cells

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found on the surface of the body

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What are the five types of Connective Tissue?

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Dense, Loose, Adipose, Blood and Supporting

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Dense Connective Tissue

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primary function of strength such as tendons and ligaments

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Loose Connective Tissue

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elastic tissues under the skin

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Adipose Connective Tissue

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contains adipocytes (fat)

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Blood Connective Tissue

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watery matrix without insoluble protein fibres

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Supporting connective Tissues

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Dense substances such as bones and cartilage

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What are the 6 levels of living organisms?

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Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organs, Organ system, Organism

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What are the four types of cell-cell communication?

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Gap Junction, contact dependent communication, Local Communication and Long-distance communication

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Why do not all cells respond to chemical signals?

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It is because they do not have the correct receptors

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What are the three different types of receptors?

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Extracelluar Domain, Intracellular Domain and Trans-membrane domain

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Extracellular Domain receptors

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involves binding of ligand

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Trans-membrane domain receptors

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for hydrophobic molecules

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Intracellular Domain receptors

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involves activating cellular response

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Agonists

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acts like the ligand and activates the response

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Antagonist

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blocks the ligand and prevents binding to receptors

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Response to chemical Ligand

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signal molecules bind to receptor and activates receptors interacting with the molecules inside cell and starts signal. The signal is then carried to right places for signal transduction causing a response

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What are the different parts of the Neuron?

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Soma, dendrites, axon and axon terminal

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Psudounipolar neurons

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somativ sensory nurons

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Bipolar Neurons

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for vison and smell containing single axon and dendrite

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Anaxonic Neuron

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only in the CNS and has no axon

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Multipolar Neuron

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in CNS and has many dendrites with long axon

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What are the PNS glial cells?

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Schwann and Satellite cells

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Satellite cells

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supports the axon and does not form a myelin sheath

Front 119

What are the CNS Glial Cells?

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Oligodendria, Astroglia, Microglial and Ependymal Cells

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Oligodendria

Back 120

CNS version of schwann cells

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Sodium Activation

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when voltage gate for sodium channels to open allowing for action potential

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Why is the whole axon not insulated?

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it is because even though there are insulation, the strength of the action potential still decreases and it needs to be replenished along the way to the way to the target cell

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Saltatory Conduction

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conduction down the length of the axon which is faster

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Synaptic Cleft

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the space between cells

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Electrical Synapse

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gap junction which allows for direct cell to cell contact existing between neurons and glial cell

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Chemical synapse

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carried by neurotransmitters for long distance in PNS and is between neuron and effector

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Autonomic System

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involuntary actions done by the PNS and is broken down into Parasympathetic and sympathetic

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Sympathetic

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flight or fight response and how a person reacts to stress

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Sonmatic System

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voluntary actions done by PNS

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Autonimic Ganglia

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synapse between CNS and effector

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Pre-ganglionic

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cells leading from CNS to ganglion

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Post-ganglionic

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cells leading from gangliion to effector

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Varicosity

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swollen areas at sistanl end of the axon end

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Electrical Gradient

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net charge between the two regions of the cell

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Osmotic gradient

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osmotic pressure increases with concentration and solute in solution

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Equilibrium State

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when tere are no net movement and no electrical gradient

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What offsets the tendency of sodium and potassium movement?

Back 137

The Na+/K+ ATPase offsets the ions that are moving in and out of the cell. This is a form of active transport