Human Physiology Midterm #1

Front 1

function of cells

Back 1

1) energy production/utilization
2) reproductio
3) detecting and responding to signals (irratibility)
4) growth/metabolism

Front 2

4 basic types of specialized cells

Back 2

epithelial cells
connective tissue cells
nerve cells
muscle cells

Front 3

4 basic types of tissues

Back 3

same as 4 specialized cell types (epithelial, connective, nere, muscle)

Front 4

function of tissues

Back 4

form functional units of organs w/ many cell types
e.g. nephron

Front 5

organs?

Back 5

formed of many tissues

Front 6

name the level of organzation of the human body from the smallest "scope" to the largest

Back 6

molecules, cells, specialized cell types, tissues, organ, organ sys, organism (human being).

Front 7

unicells organization

Back 7

single cell in direct contact with extracellular enviroment;

rapid, efficient exchange across membrane by diffusion

Front 8

multicellular organization

Back 8

cells are remote, embedded in complex organs/organ sys

cell function depends on stable internal enviroment; = fluid around cells

Front 9

in humans: H20 makes up what % of body weight?

Back 9

60%

Front 10

organization of human body:
describe the intercellular and extracellular components including how many L of water they consist of

Back 10

INTRACELLULAR
- = cytosol (28L)
-sorrounded by biological membrane
-regulated composition

EXTRACELLULAR (14L)
-outside enviroment bathing cell
-composition differs from IC
-made of two components: Plasma (3L) and Interstitial Fluid (11L)

Front 11

what is plasma and where is it found?

Back 11

plasma (3L out of the 14L o EC fluid) is found in the vessels of the circulatory system

Front 12

what is the interstitial fluid?

Back 12

Fluid found between cells (11L/14L of extracellular)

Front 13

function of muscle cells

Back 13

movement
must be attached to bones,

skin (facial expressions),

hollow cavities (e.g. heart).

sorround tubes in body (blood vessels)= contract = change in diameter of tube

Front 14

fxn of nerve cells

Back 14

initiate and conduct electrical signals
stimulate gland cell to release substance
or muscle to contract

Front 15

epithelial cells

Back 15

selective secretion/absorption of molecules
protection
line the walls
ep cells rest on extracellular pr layer called basement membrane

Front 16

basement membrane

Back 16

what epi cells rest on
form the boundaries betwen compartments
function as selective barriers regulating the exchange of molecules
forms barriers= protects

Front 17

fxn of connective cells

Back 17

connect, anchor, support,
underlying epithelial cells
some also found in adipose, bone cells, RBC, WBC

Front 18

extracellular matrix

Back 18

part of the extracellular enviroment that sorrounds each cell

serves as a scaffold for cellular attachments
transmits information
(in the form of chem messengers, to help regulate their activities (e.g. migration, growth, differentiation)

Front 19

components of extracellular matrix

Back 19

collagen fibers

elastic fibers

Front 20

Integumentary sys

Back 20

(largest)
e.g skin, epithethial cells
barriers (protect)
consist of connective and muscle

Front 21

cardiovascular

Back 21

heart, bv, veins, arteries, lymph
dispersal role of nutrients, waste, CO2, O2

Front 22

respiratory

Back 22

lungs, skin (e.g. frogs), nasal pharynx
cellular respiration

Front 23

Digestive

Back 23

stomach, mouth, small and large intestines, pancreas

breakdown of food into nutrients

Front 24

nervous system

Back 24

brain, peripheral ns (spinal cord), CNS

IRRATIBILITY

Front 25

skeletal

Back 25

cartilage, bone, ligaments, joints
support, orotection and movement of body; production of blood cells

Front 26

reproductive

Back 26

production of sperms or eggs
nutrition of egg

Front 27

endocrine

Back 27

secratory
cell communication; regulating metabolic activity

Front 28

immune system

Back 28

trigger responses
facilitate responses

Front 29

renal/urinary

Back 29

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

regulation of plasma composition through controlled excretion of salts,water, and organic wastes

Front 30

constriction of skin blood vessels

Back 30

decreases heat loss from body

Front 31

curling up

Back 31

decreases heat loss from body

Front 32

shivering

Back 32

increases the production of heat

Front 33

general characteristics of homeostasis

Back 33

a) dynamic constancy
dynamic over short intervals, but contast over large
b) steady state
e.g temperature is not changing, but need heat to maintain constantcy
c)eqilibrium
variable is not changing but do not need to maintain its constancy
d) set point

Front 34

general processes of homeostasis

Back 34

maintenance of set points
input ATP
physical properties (diffusion)

Front 35

cell communication

Back 35

between interstitial and intracellular regions

Front 36

two types of signal source

Back 36

electrical (nervous system, fast)
chemical (transmitters, hormones)

Front 37

variety of cellular responses

Back 37

1. enzyme activation
2. change in membrane permeability
3. gene activation
4. mitoses/cell division
cell's rate of proliferation/differentiation
cell's contractile activity

Front 38

examples of hyrophobic ligands

Back 38

sterod (cholesterol derived)
thyroid hormone
calcitrol (e.g vitamin d)