Human Factor Midterm 2

Front 1

Types of Mistakes

Back 1

1.Mistaken Similarity

2. Misjudged Probability

3.Rationalizing small events

Front 2

Mistaken Similarity

Back 2

similarity to a previous situation makes people think a new situation is the same

Front 3

Misjudged Probability

Back 3

1. Estimate rare events are more likely than they are

2. People estimate common events are less likely than they are

Front 4

Rationalizing Small Events

Back 4

Explain away small events as normal or insignificant

Front 5

Three Classification of Error

Back 5

1.Taxonomy

2.Action/Inaction Dichotomy

3.Intention

Front 6

Sequence of a taxonomy for human malfunction

Back 6

Causes of human malfunction--Mechanisms of human malfunction (performance shaping factor&situation factors)--Internal human malfunction(personal task)---External mode of malfunction(personal task)

CMIE

Front 7

Errors of commission

Back 7

Acting incorrectly

(performing a step not in a procedure)

Front 8

Errors of omission

Back 8

Not acting when you should

(Missing a step in a procedure)

Front 9

Slips

Back 9

Skill based error

Unintentional commission

Automatic and subconscious

Front 10

Lapses

Back 10

Skill based error

unintentional omission

Front 11

What kinds of skill based errors does it have (2)?

Back 11

Lapses and slips

Front 12

What kind of knowledge and rule based errors does it have

Back 12

Mistakes and violation

Front 13

Skill based (unintentional or intentional)

Back 13

unintentional

Front 14

knowledge and rule based (unintentional or intentional)

Back 14

intentional

Front 15

Mistakes

Back 15

Intentional

inappropriate goals or intentions put into action

Front 16

Ways to counteracting human error

Back 16

1.Minimize use of modes

2. Make errors obvious

3. Make sure different objects look different

Front 17

Design using forcing functions

Back 17

ex. not starting engine unless seat belt is fastened

Front 18

Interlock

Back 18

forces actions to occur in a desired sequence

Front 19

Lock-in

Back 19

Keeps operation active, prevents accidental termination (文件处于保存状态以防突然崩溃

Front 20

Lock-out

Back 20

Prevents an unsafe event from occurring

Front 21

Why is automation a human factor issue?

Back 21

Because humans have to manage it in it's operating state\when it has failed..

Front 22

Reasons to automate

Back 22

Dangerous and impossible tasks

Challenging tasks and poor performance

Unpleasant task

lower cost

Front 23

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Back 23

relationship between arousal and performance

(performance vs. arousal)

要会画图请看lecture10第17-18页

Front 24

Workload of automation

Back 24

doesn't reduce workload, it changes workload

Front 25

Problems with automation

Back 25

1.Automation reliability

2.calibration of trust and self-confidence

3. Overtrust and complacency

4. Workload and situation awareness

5. Training and certification

Front 26

Hick-Hyman Law

Back 26

A graph of reaction time(RT) vs. Number of alternatives (N)

RT = a + b(log2(n))

b = additional processing time

a = sum of processing latencies

When RT vs. Log2(N), the function is linear

Front 27

Colocation principle

Back 27

putting the control and display in the same location

Front 28

Congruence principle

Back 28

spatial array of controls is congruent with the spatial array of objects being controlled

Front 29

Movement compatibility

Back 29

movement of the control should correspond to the movement in the display (show an increase if moving the control up)

Front 30

Speed-accuracy trade-off

Back 30

rapid actions are more likely to induce errors

Front 31

Fitts's Law

Back 31

Movement time = a + blog2(2A/W)

A = movement amplitude

W = target width

index of difficulty: ID = log2(2A/W)

Big and close targets are acquired faster than small and distant

Design applications:

big icons, infinite width

Front 32

traits of low fidelity prototypes

Back 32

-Fewer details

-fast and cheap

-supports iterations

Front 33

traits of high fidelity prototypes

Back 33

-lots of detail

-more expensive

-look and act like the product

Front 34

Horizontal prototyping

Back 34

-wide range of features

Breadth

Front 35

Vertical prototyping

Back 35

-Small subset of features

(Depth)

Front 36

Prototyping methods

Back 36

-Sketches

-Storyboards

-Paper prototypes

Front 37

Shannon-Fano Principle

Back 37

the most efficient code will be generated when the length o the physical msg is proportional to the information content

-low information msg is usually short

-high information msg is usualy long

Front 38

Zipf's Law

Back 38

Words that occur frequently are short and ones that occur rarely are long

Front 39

Data collection methods

Back 39

-Direct observations

-Think aloud protocol and questions

Front 40

Number of users for usability testing

Back 40

best 6 users (5-8 desirable)