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73 Cards in this Set
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1."Although important strides were made, Reconstruction failed to provide lasting guarantees of the civil rights of the freedmen.” Which evidence best supports this statement?
a. Passage of Jim Crow laws in the latter part of the 19th century b. Ratification of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments c. Refusal of Southern States to allow sharecropping d. Passage of the Civil Rights Acts of 1866 |
a. Passage of Jim Crow laws in the latter part of the 19th century
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2. "[The registrar] brought a big old book out there, and he gave me the sixteenth section of the constitution of Mississippi, . . . I could copy it like it was in the book, but after I got through copying it, he told me to give a reasonable interpretation and tell the meaning of the section I had copied. Well, I flunked out." Source: A History of the United States since 1861
3. The main intent of the literacy test described in the passage was to a. Encourage reform of the political system b. Encourage Mississippi residents to learn about their state’s legal system c. Prevent African Americans from exercising a basic right d. Enforce the provisions of the United States Constitution |
c. Prevent African Americans from exercising a basic right
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4. The Jim Crow laws of the post-Civil War Era were attempts by
a. The Federal Government to improve the status of African Americans and Native American Indians b. State and local governments to restrict the freedoms of African Americans c. States to ban organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan d. The Radical Republicans in Congress to carry out Reconstruction plans |
b. State and local governments to restrict the freedoms of African Americans
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5. The 14th amendment provides that no "state [shall] deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." A direct result of this amendment was that
a. The process of amending the Constitution became slower and more complex b. The guarantees in the Bill of Rights were applied to state actions c. Every citizen gained an absolute right to freedom of speech and assembly d. The power of the Federal Government was sharply reduced |
b. The guarantees in the Bill of Rights were applied to state actions
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6. After the passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments, African Americans continued to experience political and economic oppression mainly because
a. The amendments were not intended to solve their problems b. Many African Americans distrusted the Federal Government c. Southern legislatures enacted Jim Crow laws d. Poor communications kept people from learning about their legal rights |
c. Southern legislatures enacted Jim Crow laws
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7. Poll taxes and grandfather clauses were devices used to
a. Deny African Americans the right to vote b. Extend suffrage to women and 18-year-old citizens c. Raise money for political campaigns d. Prevent immigrants from becoming citizens |
a. Deny African Americans the right to vote
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8. In their plans for Reconstruction, both President Abraham Lincoln and President Andrew Johnson sought to
a. Punish the South for starting the Civil War b. Force the Southern States to pay reparations to the Federal Government c. Allow the Southern States to reenter the nation as quickly as possible d. Establish the Republican Party as the only political party in the South |
c. Allow the Southern States to reenter the nation as quickly as possible
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9. The poll tax, the literacy test, and the actions of the Ku Klux Klan were all attempts to limit the effectiveness of
a. The 14th and 15th amendments b. The Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education c. Civil rights legislation passed in all states after the Civil War d. Immigration laws such as the Gentleman’s Agreement and the Chinese Exclusion Act |
a. The 14th and 15th amendments
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10. A major reason the Radical Republicans opposed President Abraham Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan was that his plan
a. Demanded payments from the South that would have damaged its economy b. Postponed the readmission of Southern States into the Union for many years c. Granted too many rights to formerly enslaved persons d. Offered amnesty to nearly all Confederates who would swear allegiance to the United States |
d. Offered amnesty to nearly all Confederates who would swear allegiance to the United States
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11. How were many African Americans in the South affected after Reconstruction ended in 1877?
a. A constitutional amendment guaranteed their social advancement b. The Freedmen’s Bureau helped them become farm owners. c. Jim Crow laws placed major restrictions on their rights. d. Southern factories offered them job training and employment opportunities |
c. Jim Crow laws placed major restrictions on their rights.
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12. “No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges . . . of citizens . . . nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. . . .” The major purpose of these provisions of the 14th Amendment was to
a. Limit the power of the federal government b. Expand the civil rights of women c. Maintain competition in business d. Protect the rights of African Americans |
d. Protect the rights of African Americans
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13. Which statement most accurately describes President Abraham Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction after the Civil War?
a. Southerners should be made to pay for their rebellion. b. The Union should be restored as quickly as possible. c. African Americans should be given free land. d. War damages should be collected through military occupation. |
b. The Union should be restored as quickly as possible.
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14. During Reconstruction, the Black Codes passed by Southern states were attempts to
a. Provide land to former slaves b. Punish former Confederate leaders c. Repeal the Jim Crow laws d. Deny equal rights to African Americans |
d. Deny equal rights to African Americans
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15. What effect did the system of sharecropping have on the South after the Civil War?
a. It kept formerly enslaved persons economically dependent. b. It brought investment capital to the South. c. It encouraged Northerners to migrate south. d. It provided for a fairer distribution of farm profits. |
a. It kept formerly enslaved persons economically dependent.
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16. The institution of slavery was formally abolished in the United States by the
a. Compromise of 1850 b. Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 c. Creation of the Freedmen’s Bureau in 1865 d. Ratification of the 13th amendment in 1865 |
d. Ratification of the 13th amendment in 1865
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17. In the ten years following the Civil War, a large numbers of former slaves earned a living by becoming
a. Conductors on the Underground Railroad b. Workers in Northern factories c. Sharecroppers on Southern farms d. Gold miners in California |
c. Sharecroppers on Southern farms
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18. During the late 1800s, Southern voters solidly supported the Democratic Party primarily because Democrats
a. Favored a stronger national government b. Led efforts to advance civil rights c. Opposed the Jim Crow legal system d. Disliked the Reconstruction programs of the Republicans |
d. Disliked the Reconstruction programs of the Republicans
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19. In the period from 1865 to 1900, the United States Government aided the development of the West by
a. Maintaining free and unlimited coinage of silver b. Offering low-interest loans to businesses c. Granting land to railroad companies d. Providing price supports for farm products |
c. Granting land to railroad companies
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20. In the United States, the main purpose of antitrust legislation is to
a. Protect the environment b. Increase competition in business c. Encourage the growth of monopolies d. Strengthen the rights of workers |
b. Increase competition in business
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21. Prior to 1890, United States businesses made few foreign investments mainly because
a. State governments discouraged foreign investments b. Foreign investments were prohibited by Congress c. Foreign nations did not accept investments from United States businesses d. Investment opportunities were better in the United States |
d. Investment opportunities were better in the United States
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22. The Federal Trade Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission, and the Federal Communications Commission are similar in that each
a. Represents the interests of big business b. Is specifically provided for in the United States Constitution c. Has the power to formulate and enforce regulations d. Must get approval from the states to carry out national laws |
c. Has the power to formulate and enforce regulations
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23. “Prices and wages should be determined by the marketplace.” The author of this statement would most probably support
a. Government ownership of utilities b. Minimum-wage laws c. Wage and price controls d. Laissez-faire capitalism |
d. Laissez-faire capitalism
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24. After the Civil War, one way business leaders tried to eliminate competition was by
a. Forming monopolies or trusts b. Developing overseas markets c. Increasing the prices of their products d. Paying high wages to their workers |
a. Forming monopolies or trusts
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25. In the United States, organized labor made its greatest membership gains when
a. The right to unionize and bargain collectively was guaranteed by legislation b. International competition began to threaten jobs in the United States c. The major business groups encouraged unionization d. The economy began to shift from manufacturing to service employment |
a. The right to unionize and bargain collectively was guaranteed by legislation
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26. Which factor most limited the growth of labor unions during the late 1800’s?
a. Most employers were very hostile toward workers’ efforts to organize. b. Most factory workers were satisfied with their wages and working conditions. c. The Federal Government declared that unions were illegal. d. Workers preferred to negotiate with factory owners as individuals rather than as members of a group. |
a. Most employers were very hostile toward workers’ efforts to organize.
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27. In the 19th century, the major national labor unions wanted to improve the position of workers mainly by
a. Obtaining the legal right to organize and bargain collectively b. Using government troops to settle labor disputes with management c. Supporting government ownership of major industries d. Endorsing a third political party for workers only |
a. Obtaining the legal right to organize and bargain collectively
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28. During the latter half of the 19th century, many business organizations in the United States combined into large corporations because
a. Income levels for workers would be improved b. Government intervention in economic affairs would decline c. Efficiency in production methods could be increased d. Economic possibilities outside the United States could be explored |
c. Efficiency in production methods could be increased
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29. Many reformers who opposed the laissez-faire attitude of the late 19th century argued that
a. The National Government should not interfere in the activities of big business …big business b. National wealth could best be assured by the accumulation of gold c. The idea of rugged individualism is vital to the nation’s economic growth d. Government should protect society through the regulation of business |
d. Government should protect society through the regulation of business
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30. A major way in which the United States has practiced "economic nationalism" has been to
a. Implement protective tariffs to help American industry b. Establish social welfare programs to aid the poor c. Pass legislation outlawing most monopolies d. Require industry to provide safe working conditions for employees |
a. Implement protective tariffs to help American industry
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31. A negative effect of holding companies, mergers, and pools on the United States during the late 19th century was that these combinations
a. Encouraged the Federal Government to spend more than its income b. Reduced the need for labor unions c. Decreased competition between businesses d. Ended United States participation in inter-national trade |
c. Decreased competition between businesses
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32. Nativism in the late 19th century was motivated primarily by
a. Hostility toward immigrant workers b. The need to reduce overcrowding in western states c. Cultural conflicts with Native American Indians d. The migration of African Americans to northern cities |
a. Hostility toward immigrant workers
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33. Which term best describes United States economic policy during the era of the rise of big business (1865-1900)?
a. Laissez-faire capitalism b. Mercantilism c. Marxism d. Welfare-state capitalism |
a. Laissez-faire capitalism
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34. Why did the United States follow a policy of unrestricted immigration for Europeans during most of the 1800’s?
a. Business and industry depended on the foreign capital brought by immigrants. b. The American economy needed many unskilled workers. c. Most Americans desired a more diversified culture. d. The United States wanted to help European nations by taking in their surplus population. |
b. The American economy needed many unskilled workers.
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Statement A: "The best way to economic recovery is to subsidize industry so that it will hire more workers and expand production."
Statement B: "If jobs are not available, the government must create jobs for those who are unemployed." Statement C: "According to human nature, the most talented people will always come out on top." Statement D: "Our government is responsible for the nation’s economic well-being." 35. Which statement is closest to the philosophy of Social Darwinism? a. Speaker A b. Speaker B c. Speaker C d. Speaker D |
c. Speaker C
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36. Which situation brought about the rapid growth of industry between 1865 and 1900?
a. High worker morale resulting from good wages and working conditions b. Availability of investment capital c. Establishment of western reservations for Native American Indians d. Decline in the number of people attending schools |
b. Availability of investment capital
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37. From 1865 to 1900, how did the growth of industry affect American society?
a. The United States experienced the disappearance of the traditional b. Population centers shifted from the Northeast to the South c. Restrictions on immigration created a more homogeneous culture. d. The percentage of Americans living in urban areas increased. |
d. The percentage of Americans living in urban areas increased.
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38. Many wealthy American industrialists of the late 19th century used the theory of Social Darwinism to
a. Support the labor union movement b. Justify monopolistic actions c. Promote legislation establishing a minimum wage d. Encourage charitable organizations to help the poor |
b. Justify monopolistic actions
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39. Prior to 1880, the number of immigrants to the United States was not restricted mainly because
a. Industry owners wanted cheap labor b. The nations of Europe dis-courage emigration c. The United States birthrate was increasing d. Congress lacked the power to limit immigration |
a. Industry owners wanted cheap labor
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40. According to the theory of laissez faire, the economy functions best when the government
a. Subsidizes business so that it can compete worldwide b. Regulates businesses for the good of the majority c. Owns major industries d. Does not interfere in business |
d. Does not interfere in business
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41. The Rockefeller Foundation, Carnegie Hall, and the Morgan Library illustrate various ways that entrepreneurs and their descendants have
a. Suppressed the growth of labor unions b. Supported philanthropic activities to benefit society c. Applied scientific discoveries to industry d. Attempted to undermine the United States economic system |
b. Supported philanthropic activities to benefit society
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42. In the United States during the late 19th century, much of the prejudice expressed toward immigrants was based on the belief that they would
a. Cause overcrowding in farm areas b. Refuse to become citizens c. Support the enemies of the United States in wartime d. Fail to assimilate into American society |
d. Fail to assimilate into American society
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43. In the decades after the Civil War, the major result of the shift from single proprietorship to corporate organization was that business was able to
a. Make more efficient use of natural resources b. Concentrate on improving the quality of manufactured goods c. Provide workers with higher wages d. Raise large sums of money |
d. Raise large sums of money
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44. During the period from 1865 to 1900, disputes between labor and management were often marked by
a. The use of violence by both sides b. Cooperative efforts to resolve differences c. Government support of striking workers d. Arbitration by the Federal Government |
a. The use of violence by both sides
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45. Industrialists of the late 1800s contributed most to economic growth by
a. Supporting the efforts of labor unions b. Establishing large corporations c. Encouraging government ownership of banks d. Opposing protective tariffs |
b. Establishing large corporations
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46. The main purpose of this 1886 poster was to
a. Oppose immigrants who took jobs from American workers b. Support nativist calls for limitations on labor unions c. Organize a protest against acts of police brutality against workers d. Show support for police actions against foreign revolutionaries |
c. Organize a protest against acts of police brutality against workers
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47. In the late 19th century, owners of big businesses generally embraced Social Darwinism because it reinforced their belief that
a. Economic success demonstrates fitness to lead b. Business monopolies are contrary to the social order c. All wealth should be returned to society d. Economic competition should be regulated |
a. Economic success demonstrates fitness to lead
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48. “Labor Leaders Executed for Causing Haymarket Riot” “State Militia Called In To End Homestead Strike” “1,000 Jailed as Silver Miners Protest Wage Cuts” Which statement about labor unions in the late 1800s is illustrated by these headlines?
a. Strikes by labor unions usually gained public support. b. The government frequently opposed labor union activities. c. Labor union demands were usually met. d. Arbitration was commonly used to end labor unrest. |
b. The government frequently opposed labor union activities.
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49. The term business monopoly can best be described as
a. The most common form of business in the United States b. Government control of the means of production c. An agreement between partners to manage a corporation d. A company that controls or dominates an industry |
d. A company that controls or dominates an industry
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50. The 19th-century philosophy of Social Darwinism maintained that
a. The government should have control over the means of production and the marketplace b. All social class distinctions in American society should be eliminated c. Economic success comes to those who are the hardest working and most competent d. Wealth and income should be more equally distributed |
c. Economic success comes to those who are the hardest working and most competent
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51. In the late 19th century, the major argument used by labor union leaders against immigrants was that immigrants
a. Took jobs from United States citizens b. Contributed little to enrich American life c. Placed financial drains on social services d. Refused to assimilate into American culture |
a. Took jobs from United States citizens
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Which generalization about population growth is supported by information in this chart?
a. For every census listed, rural population exceeded urban population. b. By 1920, more people lived in cities than in rural areas. c. The Civil War significantly slowed the rate of population growth. d. Most urban population growth was due to people migrating from rural areas. |
b. By 1920, more people lived in cities than in rural areas.
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53. The slogan “Eight hours for work, eight hours for sleep, eight hours for what we will” was used in the late 1800s to promote a major goal of
a. Farmers b. Politicians c. Industrialists d. Organized labor |
d. Organized labor
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54. One reason John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and J. Pierpont Morgan were sometimes called robber barons was because they
a. Robbed from the rich to give to the poor b. Made unnecessarily risky investments c. Used ruthless business tactics against their competitors d. Stole money from the federal government |
c. Used ruthless business tactics against their competitors
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55. In the 19th century, protective tariffs, subsidies for railroads, and open immigration showed that the federal government followed a policy of
a. Support for economic development b. Noninterference in the free-market system c. Regulation of unfair business practices d. Support for organized labor |
a. Support for economic development
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56. What is the main idea of this cartoon?
1. The Standard Oil Company was a harmful monopoly. 2. The best way to develop major industries was to form proprietorships. 3. Government regulations were strangling the Standard Oil Company. 4. Foreign competition in the oil industry was hurting American companies. |
1. The Standard Oil Company was a harmful monopoly.
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Speaker A: “When demand ran high, and markets were scarce,
he showed little mercy, broke his contracts for delivery and raised prices.” Speaker B: “The man of wealth must hold his fortune ‘in trust’ for the community and use it for philanthropic and charitable purposes.” Speaker C: “It is cruel to slander the rich because they have been successful. They have gone into great enterprises that have enriched the nation and the nation has enriched them.” Speaker D: “The fruits of the toil of millions are boldly stolen to build up colossal fortunes for the few, unprecedented in the history of mankind.” 57. Which two speakers would most likely label late 19th-century industrialists as robber barons? a. A and B b. A and D c. B and C d. C and D |
b. A and D
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Speaker A: “When demand ran high, and markets were scarce,
he showed little mercy, broke his contracts for delivery and raised prices.” Speaker B: “The man of wealth must hold his fortune ‘in trust’ for the community and use it for philanthropic and charitable purposes.” Speaker C: “It is cruel to slander the rich because they have been successful. They have gone into great enterprises that have enriched the nation and the nation has enriched them.” Speaker D: “The fruits of the toil of millions are boldly stolen to build up colossal fortunes for the few, unprecedented in the history of mankind.” 58. AND The most valid conclusion that can be drawn from the different viewpoints of these speakers is that industrialists of the late 19th century a. Benefited and harmed society b. Treated their workers fairly c. Used illegal means to gain wealth d. Generally opposed the free-enterprise economic system |
a. Benefited and harmed society
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59. In the late 1800s, supporters of laissez-faire capitalism claimed that government regulation of business would be
a. Essential to protect the rights of consumers b. Necessary to provide jobs for the unemployed c. Useful in competing with foreign nations d. Harmful to economic growth |
d. Harmful to economic growth
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60. Mark Twain labeled the late 1800s in the United States the “Gilded Age” to describe the
a. End of the practice of slavery b. Absence of international conflicts c. Extremes of wealth and poverty d. Achievements of the labor movement |
c. Extremes of wealth and poverty
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61. During the 19th century, New York was one of the most powerful states in the nation because it
a. Became the financial and industrial center of the nation b. Led the nation in achieving political reforms c. Produced more presidents than any other state d. Offered more civil liberties than any other state |
a. Became the financial and industrial center of the nation
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62. The term robber baron was used to criticize the
a. Tactics of big-business leaders b. Corruption of government officials c. Dishonesty of carpetbaggers d. Unskilled labor of illegal immigrants |
a. Tactics of big-business leaders
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63. What major trend related to population occurred during the industrialization boom of the late 1800s?
a. Immigration decreased b. Suburbanization decreased c. Urbanization increased d. Migration to rural areas increased |
c. Urbanization increased
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64. During the late 1800s, the defenders of Social Darwinism would most likely have supported
a. Labor unions b. Progressive income taxes c. Laissez-faire capitalism d. Environmental conservation |
c. Laissez-faire capitalism
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65. According to this passage, the responsibility of the wealthy is to
a. Invest in future industry to increase wealth b. Share their excess wealth with the community c. Maintain a lifestyle consistent with their wealth d. Influence government to assist all people |
b. Share their excess wealth with the community
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66. What is the main idea of the cartoon?
a. Government policies have created a recession b. Americans support the activities of trusts c. Good government has saved the country from trusts d. Trusts are a threat to the nation |
d. Trusts are a threat to the nation
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67. Which development led to the other three?
a. Growth of tenements and slums b. Shift from a rural to an urban lifestyle c. Rapid industrial growth d. Widespread use of child labor |
b. Shift from a rural to an urban lifestyle
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68. Which group’s numbers increased the most as a result of the Industrial Revolution?
a. Skilled craftsmen b. Landed aristocracy c. Owners of small farms d. Urban middle class |
d. Urban middle class
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69. Business leaders John D. Rockefeller, J. P. Morgan, and Cornelius Vanderbilt were referred to as robber barons primarily because they
a. Bought titles of nobility from foreign governments b. Were ruthless in dealing with competitors c. Stole money from state and local governments d. Gained all of their wealth by illegal means |
b. Were ruthless in dealing with competitors
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70. During the late 1800s, what was the main reason labor unions had difficulty achieving gains for workers?
a. Communists had taken control of the major unions b. The government supported business efforts to limit the powers of unions c. Most unions had been organized by big business. d. Most workers were satisfied with working conditions. |
b. The government supported business efforts to limit the powers of unions
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The growth of a large business is merely survival
of the fittest. The American beauty rose can be produced in the splendor and fragrance, which bring cheer to its beholder only by sacrificing the early buds, which grow up around it. This is not an evil tendency in business. It is merely the working out of a law of nature and a law of God . . . .” -John D. Rockefeller, Jr. 71. Which concept is described by this passage? a. Communism b. Populism c. Utopian socialism d. Social Darwinism |
d. Social Darwinism
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72. The growth of big business in the late 1800s resulted in
a. A reduction in child labor b. The elimination of the middle class c. The widening of the economic gap between rich and poor d. A shift in transportation investment from railroads to canals |
c. The widening of the economic gap between rich and poor
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73. According to the graph, which was the first year in which more Americans lived in urban areas than in rural areas?
a. 1860 b. 1890 c. 1920 d. 1930 |
c. 1920
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74. AND What was a major cause of the trend shown in the chart?
a. Availability of cheap farmland b. Increased industrialization c. End of restrictions on immigration d. Completion of the interstate highway system |
b. Increased industrialization
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