History Of Graphic Design Test 1

Front 1

Back 1

Early Sumerian Pictograph Tablet

Sumerians: First to permanently settle in fertile crescent

Pictographs set stage for development of writing

Structured into grid, horizontal and vertical

Front 2

Back 2

Stele with law code of Hammurabi

Hammurabi: Babylonian king known for revising law code

Stele: carved stone slab used as grave marker or commemorate events; shaft and relief sculpture

Code of Hammurabi: penmanship, lined paper

Front 3

Back 3

Hittite Stamp cylinder seal

Imagery on side for rolling

Image on bottom for stamping

Allows images to be reproduced; precursor to printing

Front 4

Back 4

Ivory tablet of King Zet

Earliest known example of Egyptian pictographs

Evolved into hieroglyphics

Front 5

Back 5

The Rosetta Stone

Top: Hieroglyphics

Middle: Demotic -- everyday Egyptian vernacular

Bottom: Ancient Greek

Front 6

Back 6

The Phaistos Disk

Cretan pictographs -- from Crete

Terracotta

Stamp for each of 241 characters, movable type

Hatchet, eagle, carpenter's square, animal skin, man in plumed headdress, vase

Front 7

Back 7

Etruscan Bucchero vase

Etruscan: thrived in Central Italy

Bucchero: type of Etruscan pottery with black, glossy surface

Rooster shaped toy jug -- educational toy

Inscribed with Etruscan alphabet

Front 8

Back 8

Column of Trajan

Column and mosaleum

First colossal freestanding column

Capitalis monumentalis (monumental capitals) all uncials

Front 9

Back 9

Oracle bone

Inscribed with bone-and-shell script

128 characters on a scapula

Predictions of calamities during the next 10-day period

Front 10

Back 10

Love of Lotus landscape

by Shi Tao

Calligraphy, chop, images

Front 11

Back 11

Goat and Sheep

by Zhao Meng-fu

Chops used to imprint the names of owners or viewers

Positive and negative reliefs

Front 12

Back 12

Symbol of Matthew from The Book of Durrow

Earliest fully ornamented Celtic book

Displays intricate and abstract patterning

Simple geometric forms

Flattened image -- no shading

Front 13

Back 13

Monogram of Christ from The Book of Kells

Tempera on vellum

Greek letters, Celtic, Christian

Front 14

Back 14

The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse from the Beatus of Fernando and Sancha

Spanish manuscripts--

display Moorish and Islamic influence

flat shapes of intense color

Symbols of war, famine, pestilence, death

Front 15

Back 15

Mainz Haggadah/Haggadot

copied by Moses ben Nathan Oppenheim

Judaic traditional is not fully non-figural, educational and adornment

Haggadot: Judaic illuminated manuscripts -- relatively rare

Pharaoh and his army drowning in the Red Sea

Front 16

Back 16

Islamic manuscript illumination from the Qur'an

Muhammad advocated for widespread literacy

Intricate patterns and vibrant colors share similar to Islamic architectural decorations and carpets

Expresses sacred and complex nature of Qur'an

Front 17

Back 17

Woodblock print of Saint Christopher

One of earliest dated European block prints

Block prints: image and lettering cut from single block

Flattened, linear image

Saint carries travelers safely across river

Front 18

Back 18

Pages 146-147 of the Gutenberg Bible

by Johann Gutenberg

First typographic book produced in Western Europe

Famous for its legibility, generous margins, and excellent presswork

Red headers and text, initials, floral decoration added by hand

Front 19

Back 19

Colophon and trademark from a Psalter in Latin

by Jan Fust and Peter Shoeffer

First book to have trademark, date of publication, and colophon

Colophon: printer's distinctive emblem or inscription giving title, author, printer, and date/place of publication

Trademark: distinctive emblem identified with specific company

Front 20

Back 20

Illustration from Travels in Mount Zion

by Erhard Reuwich

First travel book: documents journey from Germany to Jerusalem

Reuwich: first person to be identified as a book illustrator

First book to have fold out illustrations

This 4-page spread depicts Greek island of Rhodes

Front 21

Back 21

Pages from the Nuremberg Chronicle

by Anton Koberger

Nuremberg: most prosperous city in Northern Europe

Koberger: most significant printer in Germany at this time

The raised hand of God as a symbol of creation is repeated

Front 22

Back 22

Rhinoceros broadside

by Albrecht Durer

Broadside: large piece of paper printed on one side (poster)

Illustration based on sketch and description

First rhino in over 1000 years had arrived in Spain

Front 23

Back 23

Page of Augustine of Hippo's City of God, Italian

by Conrad Sweynheym and Arnold Pannartz

Second typeface designed by team

Marked first step toward Roman style typography

Created double alphabet -- capitals and lowercase

Combines Roman capitals with Caroline minuscules

Prototype for Roman alphabets still in use today

Front 24

Back 24

Title page for Great Works

by Diego de Gumiel

Example of early Spanish graphic design

White-on-black woodblocks and heraldry (coat of arms) is typical

Title is secondary to imagery even though it's a title page

Front 25

Back 25

Title page for Calendarium

Title and author are identified in verse describing the book with date and printers' names below

First book printed in more than one color in first press run

Floral patterns common in Italian Renaissance designs

3 sides design distinctive

Front 26

Back 26

Capital G from a series of crible' initals

by Geoffroy Tory

Alphabet of roman capitals made for Estienne

Inital set into black square with floral design

Crible': background composed of small white dots

Front 27

Back 27

Pages from the Polyglot Bible

by Christophe Plantin

2 vertical columns over a wide horizontal column

Contains Hebrew, Latin, Aramaic, Greek, and Syriac translation

Front 28

Back 28

Title pages from Manuel Typographique Volume 1

by Pierre Simon Fournier le Jeune

Fournier's type manual is most significant in this period

Rococo: French artistic style of mid 18th century

Front 29

Back 29

Broadside type specimen

by William Caslon

Dominant type face in the British Empire for nearly 2 centuries

Front 30

Back 30

Title page from Manuale Tipograhico

by Giambattista Bodoni

Bodoni's letterforms are known for their clarity

Composed of double and triple thick and thin elements

The weight contrasts of the letters is echoed in the borders

Front 31

AIGA

Back 31

American Institute of Graphic Art

leading American professional organization for design

Front 32

Graphic

Back 32

from Greek meaning something written

relating to artistic use of pictures, shapes, and words

Front 33

Substrate

Back 33

writing surface

Front 34

Petroglyph

Back 34

carved or scratched sign or figure on rock

Front 35

Pictograph

Back 35

picture representing the thing depicted

Examples:

Early Sumerian pictograph tablet

Ivory tablet of King Zet

The Phaistos Disk

Front 36

Ideograph

Back 36

symbol that represents an idea or concept

Front 37

Sumerians

Back 37

first to permanently settle in fertile crescent

Front 38

Cuneiform

Back 38

first sophisticated system of writing

series of wedge shaped symbols

Front 39

Stele

Back 39

carved stone slab used as grave marker or to commemorate events

shaft and relief sculpture

Example: Stele with law code of Hammurabi

Front 40

Hieroglyphic

Back 40

writing system of ancient Egypt

Examples:

Ivory tablet of King Zet (evolved into hieroglypics)

Rosetta Stone

Front 41

Alphabet

Back 41

set of visual symbols or characters used to represent elementary sounds of spoken language

Front 42

Cretan

Back 42

from island of Crete

Example: The Phaistos Disk

Front 43

Northern Semitic Writing

Back 43

Aramaic script

developed by early Hebrews and Phoenicians

Reads from right to left

Evolved into Hebrew and Arabic alphabets

Front 44

Hebrew script

Back 44

Squared, bold letters

Horizontal strokes thicker than vertical strokes

Front 45

Etruscan

Back 45

thrived in Central Italy

Ex: Etruscan Bucchero vase

Front 46

Bucchero

Back 46

type of Etruscan pottery with black glossy surface

Example: Etruscan Bucchero vase

Front 47

Monumental capitals

Back 47

capitalis monumentalis

Roman square capital letters

Ex: Column of Trajan

Front 48

Calligraphy

Back 48

ancient writing from China

not alphabetical

44,000 characters

series of lines in imaginary square

more abstract than hieroglyphics

Front 49

Bone-and-shell script

Back 49

earliest known Chinese writing

attributed to Tsang Chien, legendary figure that invented many Chinese characters

Ex: Oracle bone

Front 50

Chop

Back 50

traditional Chinese identification stamps or seals

contained calligraphic characters

often used red ink called cinnabar (ore of mercury)

Ex: Love of Lotus landscape, Shi Tao

Front 51

Cinnabar

Back 51

Red ink used with chops

Ore of mercury

Front 52

Illuminated manuscripts

Back 52

all decorated and illustrated handwritten texts

produced during Medieval era

from late Roman Empire until invention of printing press in western Europe

Front 53

Classical style manuscript

Back 53

Roman imagery and lettering

Front 54

Uncials

Back 54

script or type of writing done in all capital letters

Front 55

Ascenders

Back 55

Strokes rising above top guideline

Front 56

Descenders

Back 56

Strokes dropping below lower guideline

Front 57

Half-uncials

Back 57

Step towards the emergence of minuscules or lowercase letters

Ex: The Book of Durrow

Front 58

Minuscule

Back 58

forefunner to contemporary lowercase

Front 59

Caroline graphic renewal

Back 59

Charlemagne fostered development of education

Standardization of page layout, writing style, decoration

Front 60

Liturgical book

Back 60

made by the authority of the church

Front 61

Author portrait

Back 61

saint depicted writing text that follows

Front 62

Medium

Back 62

what was used to create piece

Front 63

Tempera

Back 63

type of paint made with pigment and egg white

Front 64

Vellum

Back 64

domesticated animal skin used as substrate

Front 65

Xylography

Back 65

printing from a raised surface (relief)

Front 66

Typography

Back 66

Printing with independent, movable, reusable reliefs

Front 67

Watermark

Back 67

Translucent emblem added with a wire mold during paper making to denote individual, company, or institution

Front 68

Block prints

Back 68

image and lettering cut from single block

ex: Woodblock print of Saint Christopher

Front 69

Ars moriendi

Back 69

Christian literature that provided practical guidance for the dying and those attending them

Propaganda

Front 70

Type mold

Back 70

Developed by Gutenberg

Used to cast individual letters

Metal alloy for type mold

Specialized ink for metal type

Press for printing

Front 71

Punch

Back 71

Developed by Gutenberg

used to stamp an impression of letterform into a softer brass matric

Front 72

Matrix

Back 72

Developed by Gutenberg

Slipped into bottom of 2-part type mold, filled with molten lead alloy to cast a piece of type

Front 73

Colophon

Back 73

printer's distinctive emblem or inscription giving title, author, printer, and date/place of publication

ex: Colophon and trademark from Psalter in Latin by Fust and Schoeffer

Front 74

Trademark

Back 74

Distinctive emblem identified with specific company

ex: Colophon and trademark from Psalter in Latin by Fust and Schoeffer

Front 75

Exemplar

Back 75

handemade layouts of text and images

ex: Exemplar pages for the Nuremberg Chronicle

Front 76

Broadside

Back 76

large piece of paper printed on one side (poster)

examples:

Rhinoceros broadside, Albrecht Durer

Broadside type specimen, William Caslon

Front 77

Heraldry

Back 77

coat of arms

ex: Title page for Great Works, Diego de Gumiel

Front 78

Fluerons

Back 78

Stylized flowers

ex: Title page from Ars Moriendi, Alvise

Front 79

Romain du Roi

Back 79

new type developed for use by office of royal printing in France

Louis Simonneau