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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the normal leukocyte count? what is the predominant WBC in adults?
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- 4,000-11,000
- neutrophils >50% |
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what is a band cell? when would it be higher than 1-2% in peripheral blood?
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- band cell is immature neutrophil
- may be higher with bacterial infection (called "left shift" or CSF |
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when do you see eosinophils? basophils & what do you consider when they're high?
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- worms, wheezes & weird diseases
- basophils are uncommon in peripheral blood, can release histamine, when they're high consider CML |
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where do monocytes live the longest?
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- can live longest in tissue when differentiated into macrophages (months to years)
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when do you see elevated monocytes? decreased monocytes?
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- elevated: chronic infection or inflammation, chronic neutropenia
- decreased: corticosteroids, BM failure |
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what is the circulating & marginal pool for neutrophils?
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- circulatin is in the blood (6-10 hours)
- marginal pool is cells on vessel wall rolling slowly |
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when do you use G-CSF, GM-CSF?
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- used post chemo, severe infections, neutropenia
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what is diapedesis? pseudopod?
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- diapedesis: going through vessel walls
- pseudopod: actin that help membrane move out to engulf bacteria |
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what do you think of when there is delayed falling off of the umbilical cord?
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- leukocyte adhesion deficiency b/c decreased healing capabilities
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what molecules are responsible for opsonization?
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- IgG & C3b
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what are the two mechanisms of neutralization and how do they work?
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1) O2 independent: phagosome-lysosome fusion & acidication & hydrolytic enzymes
2) O2 dependent (respiratory burst): NADPH reduces O2 --> H2O2 which works w/ MPO (myeloperoxidase) to kill bacteria |
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what is chronic granulomatous disease?
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- defect in respiratory burst (O2 dependent) neutralization
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what is neutropenia defined as?
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- <1500 neutrophils
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what is a "left shift"? what is leukemoid reaction?
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- appearance of more bands of immature neutrophils in the bone marrow = often a sign of infection
- leukemoid rxn = lots of younger cells in peripheral blood |
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what is toxic granulation? Dohle bodies?
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- toxic granulation: granules become very coarse & dark
- Dohle bodies: pale bluish cytoplasmic inclusions rich in ER seen in sepsis & G-CSF - Pelger-Huet anomaly: bilobed nucleus (normally 3-5 lobes), it is benign |
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what happens in myeloperoxidase deficiency?
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- defect in MPO
- respiratory burst affected but can still produce H2O2 (so they can still kill microbes knid of) |
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what happens in leukocyte adhesion defect?
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- lack ability to adhere to ICAM-1 on endothelial surfaces
- delayed loss of umbilical cord, poor wound healing, bacterial infections |
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what happens in chediak higashi syndrome?
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- failure of phagolysosome to fuse, giant lysosomes but ineffective (O2 indepdent pathway)
- partial oculocuteanous albinism |
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what happens in specific granule deficiency?
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- absence of specific granules
- recurrent sinopulmonary infections |
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what is hyperimmunoglobulin E or recurrent infection syndrome (Job's)?
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- defect in chemotaxis --> do not move to site of infx
- elevated IgE, eczema |
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what is chronic granulomatous disease? what does the nitroblue-tetrazolium (NBT) test look like?
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- defect in O2 dependent respiratory burst of neutralization, no H2O2 production
- susceptible to catalase positive microbes (staph & E. coli), but strep they can kill b/c can steal it's H2O2 - negative, but normally when individuals generate H2O2 it should be positive and turn blue |
