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135 Cards in this Set
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Leukocytes |
also called as WBCs, colorless as compared to RBCs. |
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Leukocytes |
Classifieds according to Cell Surface Antigens (Flow Cytometry) and Romanowsky Stain |
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Cell surface antigens (flow cytometry) |
> 10 types |
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Romanowsky stain |
5-6 types |
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Romanowsky stain • acid-base characteristics |
acidic, basic, both / neutral |
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Romanowsky stain • nuclear shape and characteristics |
nuclear segmentations |
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Types of Leukocytes |
Granulocytes & Agranulocytes |
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Types of Leukocytes Granulocytes |
neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil |
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Polymorphonuclear (PMNs) |
Neutrophil |
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Stain: reacts to both acidic and basic stains (pink to lavender) |
Neutrophil |
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Stain: has basic proteins that react with acidic stain (eosin) |
Eosinophil |
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Stain: has acidic proteins that react to basic stain (methylene blue) |
Basophil |
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Types of Leukocytes Agranulocytes |
Monocyte & Lymphocytes |
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May not contain granules |
Agranulocytes (Monocyte & Lymphocyte) |
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Non-segmented nuclei - round, oval, indented, or folded. |
Agranulocytes (Monocyte & Lymphocyte) |
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Mononuclear cells |
Agranulocytes (Monocyte & Lymphocyte) |
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Function Leukocytes |
Protection from foreign organisms, cells, or material. "Immunity" |
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• Function leukocytes Innate Immunity |
Phagocytosis |
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• Function leukocytes Adaptive Immunity |
Antibodies |
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• Granulocytes
"Neutrophils" |
highest number in PB 50-70% |
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• Granulocytes
"Neutrophils" |
Present in 2 forms: segmented (PMN) and band form |
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Neutrophilic Series (or Lineage) |
myeloblast > promyelocyte > myelocyte > metamyelocyte > band > neutrophil |
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Granulocytes - Neutrophilic Series Series "Myeloblast" |
1-2% of the nucleated cells in the BM (14-20 µm) |
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Granulocytes - Neutrophilic Series "Myeloblast" |
sub-population: sub type I sub type II |
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Nucleus is round to oval, centrally located. It appears homogenous with delicate euchromatin with 2-4 folded nucleoli.
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Myeloblast |
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basophilic (a lot of RNA) cytoplasm with N:C of 1:1 or 1:0.5 (almost equal) |
Myeloblast |
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Granulocytes - Neutrophilic Series
"Promyelocyte" |
1-6% of the nucleated cells in the BM (16-25 µm) |
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Evenly basophilic cytoplasm with primary azurophilic granules with almost prominent heterochromatin at the edges |
Promyelocyte |
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Nucleus is round to oval, often eccentric. Nucleoli are prominent. |
Promyelocyte |
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Granulocytes - Neutrophilic Series
"(Neutrophilic) Myelocytes" |
6-17% of nucleated calls in the BM |
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(Neutrophilic) Myelocytes |
Final stage capable of mitosis - cessation of production of 1º granules and beginning of 2º or specific granules. |
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(Neutrophilic) Myelocytes sub-stage |
Early and Late Myelocytes |
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Early myelocytes |
Patches of grainy pale pink cytoplasm - appearance of 2º granules around Golgi apparatus (dawn of neutrophilia) |
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Late myelocytes |
Smaller with more heterochromatous nucleus and nucleoli are difficult to appreciate in LM (microscope) |
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Granulocytes - Neutrophilic Series
"(Neutrophilic) Metamyelocytes" |
20-30% of nucleated BM cells (14-46 µm) with major nuclear morphologic changes are seen |
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Synthesis of tertiary (gelatinase) granules begins |
(Neutrophilic) Metamyelocytes |
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(Neutrophilic) Metamyelocytes |
Cytoplasm contains very little residual RNA nucleus is indented (kidney shaped) w/ increasingly clumped chromatin and nucleoli is absent |
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Granulocytes - Neutrophilic Series
"Neutrophilic Bands" |
32% of nucleated BM cells with absent RNA residues |
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Tertiary granules "continue" to form and Secretory granules (vesicles) "begin" to form in this stage |
Neutrophilic Bands |
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Neutrophilic Bands |
highly clumped nucleus with indentation exceeds half the width of the nucleus (no actual segmentation) |
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Granulocytes - Neutrophilic Series
"Segmented Neutrophils" |
7-30% of nucleated cells in the BM |
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Segmentation of the nucleus into 3-4 times connected by threadlike filaments |
Segmented Neutrophils |
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Segmented Neutrophils |
secretory granules continue to form |
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Granulocytes Neutrophil Kinetics |
rate: 0.9-1.0 x 109 cells/kg/day |
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Neutrophil Kinetics movement of neutrophils between 5 pools: |
mitotic pool , storage pool, circulating pool , marginated pool, and tissue pool |
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Neutrophil Kinetics - Granulocytes
In the bone marrow |
mitotic pool (2.11 x 109 cells/kg) and storage pool (5.6 x 109 cells/kg) |
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Neutrophil Kinetics - Granulocytes In the peripheral blood |
circulating pool and marginated pool |
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Neutrophil Kinetics |
transit time: HSC to myeloblast: not known |
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Neutrophil Kinetics
Myeloblast to Myelocyte: |
6 days |
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Neutrophil Kinetics storage pool |
6-7 days |
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G-CSF: cytokine to trigger for granulocyte release from BM |
Neutrophil Kinetics |
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In the peripheral blood: 50:50 CNP and MNP (but >MNP in lungs |
Neutrophil Kinetics |
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Half life: 6-8 hours then undergoes diapedesis to the tissues. |
Neutrophil Kinetics |
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Neutrophil Function Major: |
Phagocytosis and Destruction of foreign materials |
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Chemotactic agents bind to neutrophil receptors |
Neutrophil Function Chemotaxis |
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Roll along endothelial with adhesion molecules |
Neutrophil Function "Motility" |
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Phagocytosis and digestion: • attachment, engulfment, and forms phagosome (NADH and reactive oxygen species to destroy pathogens) • 1º & 2º granules fuse and release to PM - recruit more PMNs |
Neutrophil Function |
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Neutrophil Function |
Diapedesis - transmigration with release of tertiary granules |
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Neutrophil Function |
Secondary function: generation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) |
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Third function: secretory function |
Neutrophil Function |
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Transcobalamin I or R-binder protein |
proper absorption of Vitamin B12 |
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Neutrophil Granules |
Primary (Azurophilic) Granules : promyelocyte stage |
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Neutrophil Granules |
Secondary (Specific) Granules : myelocyte and metamyelocyte stages |
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Neutrophil Granules |
Tertiary Granules : metamyelocyte and band stages |
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Neutrophil Granules |
Secretory Granules (Secretory vesicles) : band and segmented stages |
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Eosinophil |
1-5% of peripheral blood WBCs (absolute number: 40-550 uL) |
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Still not fully established |
Eosinophil "Eosinophilic Myeloblast" |
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Eosinophilic promyelocyte |
Identified by cytochemistry due to presence of Charot-Leyden crystal protein in their primary granules |
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Eosinophilic Myelocyte |
Presence of large, pale, reddish orange 2° granules along with azure granules in blue cytoplasm |
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Early eosinophilic myelocyte first stage can be identified using: |
LM and Romanowsky staining |
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Eosinophil metamyelocytes (and band forms) |
Resembles neutrophil counterparts on nuclear shape |
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Eosinophil |
Secondary granules increase in number and generates third type (secretory granule or vesicle) |
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nuclei have 2 segments |
Mature eosinophils |
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Eosinophilic secondary granules |
Cytoplasm |
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Eosinophil Granules |
Primary Granules, Secondary Granules, Small Lysosomal Granules, Lipid bodies, Storage Vesicles |
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Eosinophil Kinetics |
3% of nucleated BM cells |
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Eosinophil Kinetics - Granulocytes Tissue Destination |
Columnar epithelium of respiratory, GIT, GUT |
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Eosinophil Kinetics (Transit time) |
Storage pool in BM: 9-14 x 10⁹ cells / kg |
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Eosinophil Kinetics (Transit time) Mean turnover |
2.2 x 10⁹ cells/kg/day |
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Circulating half life - 18 hours |
Eosinophil Kinetics |
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Eosinophil Functions |
immune regulation - transmigrate to the thymus of newborn for deletion of double-positive thymocytes. |
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Eosinophil Functions |
Antigen-presenting cells and effector T-cell proliferation. |
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Eosinophil Functions "initiate type 1 or 2 immune response" |
secretion of cytokines |
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regulate mast cell function: release of major basic protein (MBP) to cause mast cell degranulation and cytokine production |
Eosinophil Functions |
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increases during parasitic infection: to destroy tissue-invading helminths with MBP, cationic protein, and ROS |
Eosinophil Functions |
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Eosinophil Functions |
hallmark of allergic disorders (eosinophilia) |
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Basophil |
requires IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF in the development |
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round to almost lobulated nuclei with slightly condensed chromatin; nucleoli may not be apparent |
Immature basophil |
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Lobulated nucleus rarely seen due to granules |
Mature basophils |
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cytoplasm: blue with blue-black secondary (metachromatic) granules - stain purple with toluidine blue |
Immature basophil |
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Mature basophils |
clumped chromatin pattern, colorless cytoplasm with large number of metachromatic granules |
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Basophil TGF-beta |
enhances differentiation (suppresses eosinophil) |
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Basophil Kinetics |
poorly understood because of small numbers and longer life span than most granulocytes due to initiation of anti-apoptotic pathways upon IL-3 activation |
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Basophil Kinetics |
Transit time: • BM development to storage: 4.3 days +/- 11 hours • peripheral blood: 3.7 days +/- 21 hours |
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involved in allergic inflammation due to IgE receptors and can release TH2 cytokines to regulate immune response |
Basophil Function |
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induce B cells to synthesize IgE |
Basophil |
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Basophil |
initiators of the allergic inflammation due to preformed cytokines and involved in helminth infection |
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function as effector cells in allergic reactions through release of wide variety of lipid mediators, proteases, proteoglycans, and cytokines from cross-linking of IgE on the mast cell surface by specific allergens |
Mast Cells |
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Involved in inflammatory reactions |
Mast cells |
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anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive functions |
Mast cells |
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antigen presenting cells to induce differentiation of TH2 cells |
Mast cells |
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Tissue cells |
Mast cells |
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Agranulocytes |
Monocytes |
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Agranulocytes "Monocytes" (mononuclear cells) |
2-10% of circulating leukocytes (96-1100 cells/µL) |
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Agranulocytes - "Monocytes" (mononuclear cells) macrophage CSF: |
cytokine for growth and differentiation |
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monoblasts > promonocytes > monocytes |
Agranulocytes |
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Promonocytes |
12-18 µm in diameter with N:C ratio > 1 |
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round nucleus, some slightly indented or folded and delicate chromatin pattern with one nucleolus |
Promonocytes |
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blue cytoplasm with scattered azure granules - lysozomal enzymes, peroxidase, non-specific esterase and lysozyme |
Promonocytes |
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Monocytic Series Monocytes |
larger than neutrophil, 15-20 µm in diameter |
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Monocytic SeriesMonocytes |
N:C is 1, round or oval but deeply indented (horseshoe shaped) and looser chromatin pattern (lacelike or stringy) |
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blue-gray with fine azure granules (azure dust) or sometimes described as “ground-glass appearance” |
Monocytes Cytoplasm |
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small pseudopods or blebs may be se |
Monocytes |
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Monocyte/Macrophage Kinetics |
pronormocyte pool: 6 x 108 cells/kg to produce 7 x 106 cells/hour |
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macrophages are larger (40-50µm in diameter) with oval nucleus with one prominent nucleolus and netlike (reticulated) chromatin pattern and no storage pool for monocytes in the BM |
Monocyte/Macrophage Kinetics |
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Monocyte/Macrophage Functions innate immunity |
Recognizes a wide range of bacterial pathogens by means of pattern recognition receptors (toll-like receptors) that stimulate inflammatory cytokine production and phagocytosis |
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can function as antigen-presenting cells and interact with and activate both T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes to initiate the adaptive immune response |
Monocyte/Macrophage Functions Adaptive Immunity |
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3 groups Lymphocytes |
• T cells - adapative, CMI • B cells • natural killer (NK) cells - innate, CMI |
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Lymphocytes 2 major categories |
• humoral immunity: antibodies (B cells) • cellular immunity: direct activity against foreign cells/organisms |
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capable of recombining gene segments to produce a wide variety of surface receptors and antibodies. |
B and T lymphocytes |
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Lymphocyte Development |
• T-cells: 85% of circulating lymphocytes • B-cells: 15% • NK cells: ~2% |
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Lymphocyte Development 2 divisions: |
• antigen-independent: BM and thymus (central or primary) • antigen-dependent: spleen, LN, tonsils, and non-encapsulated aggregates of lymphocytes (peripheral or secondary) |
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B Lymphocyte Development Stages |
pro-B, pre-B, and immature B cells |
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B Lymphocyte Development Naive B cells |
leaves BM then migrate to 2º lymphatic organs and take residence in the LN follicles |
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T Lymphocyte Development |
thymus to BM: pro-T, pre-T, and immature T cells |
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B Lymphocyte Development |
in 2º organs, where they come in contact with antigen, blastogenesis occurs and produce memory B cells and effector cells - plasma cells and plasmacytoid lymphocytes |
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NK cells |
from BM or thymus |
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heterogenous groups of cells with variety of surface antigens, mostly CD56, CD16, CD3, and CD8 |
NK Cells |
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Lymphocyte Function T-Cell CD4+ TH1: |
mediate immune response for intracellular pathogens |
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Lymphocyte Function T- cells CD4+ TH2: |
extracellular parasites, induce asthma and allergy |
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extracellular bacteria and fungi |
Lymphocyte FunctionT- cells CD4+ TH17: |
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Lymphocyte FunctionT- cells CD4+ Treg: |
Self tolerance |
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Lymphocyte FunctionT- cells |
CD8+: secrete granules or activate apoptotic pathways (cytotoxic T cells) |
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Lymphocyte Function NK cells |
innate immunity, can kill certain tumor cells and virus- infected cells without prior sensitization |
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B-cell: • antibody production • AP to T-cell • produce cytokines to regulate T-cell and APC function |
Lymphocyte Function |
