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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is latitude
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Latitude is location north or south of the equator
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What geometric shape are lines of latitude
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They are all complete circles, small circles except for the equator
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Why are latitudes parallels
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They are all equidistant along their length
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What is longitude
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Longitude is location east or west of the prime meridian
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What geometric shape are lines of longitude
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They are all half circles of equal length
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What is the significance of the Equator
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The equator divides the world into a northern and a southern hemisphere
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Significance of the Prime Meridian
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The prime meridian divide the world into an eastern and a western hemisphere
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Significance of the 180th Meridian
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The 180th meridian is the meridian opposite to the prime meridian and is the basis for the international dateline
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What basic geometric relationships between latitude and longitude ensure that any location will have a unique pair of identifying coordinates
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Any line of latitude will cross any line of longitude (there are an infinity of each) once and only once and will cross at right angles on a globe (and some kinds of maps).
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If you were at 117 W, what is the longitude on the opposite side of the Earth
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63 E
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What are the relationships between longitude and the international system of time
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360 of longitude, 24 hours in the day, so, 24 time zones; each 15 of longitude wide, centered on a meridian that is a multiple of 15. At the International Date Line, approximately the 180 meridian, the date changes.
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What is the significance of the tropics
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Only the latitudes between 23 30”N and 23 30’s can ever experience the sun directly overhead at noon
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What is the significance of the polar circles
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The latitudes from the polar circles (66 30”N or 66 30’s) to the North or South Pole are in darkness for six months and illuminated constantly for six months
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Why are there seasons on Earth
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Earth’s rotational tilt means that the period of time spent in the illuminated half increases to a maximum and decreases to a minimum on a six month cycle
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What are the four important dates in the solar year (2 eq, 2sol)
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March 22 (Spring Equinox);
June 21 (Summer Solstice); September 23 (Fall Equinox); December 21 Winter Solstice). |
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Why does temperature differ with latitude
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Earth presents a curved surface to the Sun’s rays, so radiation is concentrated at the Equator and diluted over a larger surface in the high latitudes.
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What is meant by map scale
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The size relationship between the mapped area and that area in the world
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What are the three ways of depicting map scale
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Graphic scale, verbal scale, representative fraction
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Which one is not affected by changing the size of the map
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The graphic scale changes size with the map and remains accurate
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修行
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수행
training, study [cultivate + act] |
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Why are all maps distorted in some way
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It is impossible to flatten a curved surface without changing it in some way
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What are the four main forms of distortion
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Shape, area, distance, direction
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What is meant by tangency
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In the projection method, tangency is where the paper touches the globe, the least distorted part of the map
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What are the tangencies for the cylindrical projection
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great circle, usually the equator
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What are the tangencies for conic projection
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small circle, usually lines of latitude
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What are the tangencies for planar projection
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single point
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Explain the difference between conformality
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shapes are correct but sizes (areas) are exaggerated
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equivalence in map projections
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sizes are in relative proportion as on a globe, but shapes are distorted.
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Give some reasons why digital maps are superior to analog maps
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More flexible in use and storage, cheaper, more accurate, accessible to broader public
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What is remote sensing
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Collection of radiant energy from earth’s surface by satellites or airplanes
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What are some of the forms of information that are collected using remote sensing
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Aerial photography, thermal infrared energy, microwaves, radar and sonar.
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How does aerial photography differ from other forms of remote sensing data
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High resolution, platform must be near surface, can only be done during daylight hours.
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Give examples of passive remote sensing
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photography, infrared, microwaves
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Give examples of active remote sensing
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radar and sonar
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What is the “Greenhouse Effect”
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It is the absorption of re-emitted heat energy from Earth’s surface by water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane (along with some other trace gases).
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Why the greenhouse effect important to life on Earth
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It keeps the surface warm when the Sun is below the horizon.
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What is the Ozone Layer
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It is the formation of triatomic oxygen molecules in the stratosphere The energy from UV radiation breaks up diatomic oxygen molecules, forming ozone, which then breaks up and the cycle starts over.
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Why the ozone layer important to life on Earth
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This keeps the energy of UV radiation in the ozone layer and reduces it before any reaches the surface.
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Why would two locations at the same latitude on the same day have different temperatures
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Location near water or inland; altitude; relative albedo; topography.
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Relate the specific heat of water to temperature differences between land and water
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Water has a high specific heat compared to land. This means that water is slow to heat up and slow to cool down, while land changes temperature relatively rapidly. As a result, locations remote from the ocean tend to have a greater annual range of temperatures than a coastal location at the same latitude.
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explain the meaning of the calorie
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describes stored heat units in any substance
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specific heat
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The specific heat of any substance is the amount of heat energy needed to change the temperature of one gram of the substance by one degree Celsius
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Describe conduction
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Solids are good at conducting (molecule by molecule transfer of heat) while liquids and gases are poor conductors. Little weather results from conduction
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Describe convection
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Convection is how clouds form. Gases and liquids are good at circulating or convecting, redistributing their heat into the surrounding environment. Solids cannot convect
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Describe radiation
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Everything radiates heat energy. This is how the Sun’s energy reaches Earth
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Antarctic Circle
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66.5°S
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aphelion
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Earth's farthest position relative to the Sun, on July 4
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Arctic Circle
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66.5°N
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argon
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approximately 9/10% of the atmosphere, an inert gas
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calorie
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a statistical measure of heat, based on the specific heat of water
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choropleth map
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a map that uses color, pattern, shading, or symbols to show the spatial distribution
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conformality
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a property of map projections that favor accurate shapes over accurate sizes or areas
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conic projection
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map projection useful for mid-latitude land surfaces, not suitable for low latitude land surfaces, tangent to a small circle
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contour line
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isolines that depict elevation
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environmental lapse rate
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the temperature decrease with elevation in the troposphere
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Equator
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natural dividing line between north and south
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Equinox
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two days each solar year when everywhere on Earth experiences day and night of equal length
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equivalence
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“equal area”, a property of map projections that favor accurate sizes or areas over accurate shapes
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graphic scale
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a small symbol showing the size relationship of distance measured on the map and that distance in the actual area mapped
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homolosine projection
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equivalent projection with distinctive interruptions that assist in flattening the Earth’s surface into a map
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insolation
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the amount of solar radiation available at the surface
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International Date Line
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based on 180th meridian, where date changes from old day to new day
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isoline map
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points of equal value for a variable, like pressure or temperature, are connected into closed lines that do not cross
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latitude
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location north or south of the equator
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longitude
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location east or west of the prime meridian
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Mercator Projection
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original purpose was navigation; conformal and cylindrical
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meridian
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same thing as line of longitude
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Mesosphere
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the coldest layer of the atmosphere, between 30 miles and 50 miles above the surface
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nitrogen
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the most abundant gas in the atmosphere
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ozone
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the three atom molecule of oxygen
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parallel
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same thing as line of latitude
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perihelion
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Earth's closest position relative to the Sun, on January 3
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planar projection
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widely used to depict the Polar regions; tangent to a single point
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prime meridian
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artificial dividing line between east and west, based on the longitude at Greenwich, England
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projection method
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how maps are created, using the geometric relationships between a curved surface and a flat surface
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remote sensing
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the collection of information about Earth's surface from a platform some distance away from the surface, usually in the upper atmosphere
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representative fraction
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a unitless scale describing the size relationship of distance measured on the map and that distance in the actual area mapped, usually show as 1: some number, for example, 1:10,000
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robinson projection
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popular for world maps because of low distortion; equivalent with some conformal properties
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solstice
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two days each solar year when the Sun is directly overhead at either the Tropic of Cancer or the Tropic of Capricorn
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stratosphere
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where the ozone layer is located, between 7 and 30 miles above the surface
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tangency
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in the projection method, where the paper touches the globe
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Thermosphere
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the highest temperature layer in the atmosphere, from 50 miles to the boundary with outer space
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topographic map
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a stylized representation of the physical features at Earth's surface, used standardized symbols, such as isolines
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Tropic of Cancer
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23.5°N
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Tropic of Capicorn
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23.5°S
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Troposphere
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the surface layer of the atmosphere, where all weather occurs and clouds form
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verbal scale
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a statement on a map describing the size relationship of distance measured on the map and that distance in the actual area mapped
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