Geog 300 Exam 1

Front 1

What are the 5 themes of geographic science?

Back 1

Location, region, human-earth relationships, movement and place.

Front 2

From the 5 themes, communication and diffusion refer to __________

Back 2

Movement

Front 3

From the 5 themes, latitude and longitude refer to ____________

Back 3

Location

Front 4

From the 5 themes, resource exploitation and hazard perception refer to ____________________

Back 4

Human-earth relationships

Front 5

From the 5 themes of geography, your home address us best described as a ______________

Back 5

Location

Front 6

The development of hypotheses for testing and prediction

Back 6

Scientific method

Front 7

Understand the nature and creation of scientific theories (3)

Back 7

1) Based on several hypotheses

2) Broad in scope because they unify several known facts about the world

3) Based on natural laws (gravity, atomic theory, etc.)

Front 8

Understand the Earth in terms of open and closed systems (3)

Back 8

Earth represents a vast integrated system

Open system in terms of energy (rays from sun incoming and rays coming from the earth going out)

Closed system in terms of matter

Front 9

Define system equilibrium

Back 9

Balance of inputs and outputs

Front 10

Define steady state equilibrium

Back 10

Small fluctuations about an average condition

Front 11

Define dynamic equilibrium

Back 11

Small fluctuations about an average condition that changes gradually over time.

Front 12

The carbon dioxide that is being added to the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels is an example of an _______ variable to the atmosphere and an ________ variable from the lithosphere.

Back 12

Input; output

Front 13

Define biotic & abiotic

Back 13

Living systems, nonliving systems (3)

Front 14

Earth's circumference is greatest around the ________

Back 14

Equator

Front 15

Science that specifically attempts to determine Earth's shape and size by surveys and mathematics.

Back 15

Geodesy

Front 16

How can the position of the sun and stars assist navigation?

Back 16

Determining latitude

Front 17

An angular distance measured east or west of a prime meridian from the center of Earth is termed:

Back 17

Longitude

Front 18

How far north you live from the equator is measured as your _______ whereas an imaginary line marking all those places at the same distance north of the equator is called a _______

Back 18

Latitude, parallel

Front 19

The basis for defining the length of a day is the fact that Earth ______

Back 19

Rotates once on its axis in 24 hours or 15 degrees of longitude per hour

Front 20

The Meridian opposite of Earth's prime meridian (zero degrees longitude) is called the ________

Back 20

International Date Line

Front 21

Define latitude

Back 21

The angular distance measured north or south of the Equator

Front 22

The most extreme northern and southern parallels to experience perpendicular rays of the Sun at local noon are located at

Back 22

23.5 ° north and south otherwise known as the tropics of Cancer (N) and Capricorn (S) = 47° total = tropics.

Front 23

Define longitude

Back 23

Longitude is an angular distance measured east or west of a prime meridian

Front 24

What is the latitude of the Tropic of Cancer?

Back 24

23.5 ° North

Front 25

What is the latitude of the Tropic of Capricorn?

Back 25

23.5° South

Front 26

What are the three characteristics of meridian's

Back 26

1 all meridians are the same length

2 they are used to measure east to west angular distances

3 they comprise half circles

Front 27

The practice of setting time ahead or behind during the year out of coordination with the sun is called

Back 27

Daylight saving time

Front 28

Define cartography

Back 28

Cartography is the science of making Maps

Front 29

Define a great circle

Back 29

A great circle is a circle of circumference whose Center coincides with the center of the Earth

Front 30

Understand great and Small circles

Back 30

Following great circles represents the shortest flight path because of the Coriolis effect and the Arc of the Earth

small circles only occur on the latitude parallels and diminish and length in the center as they travel north or south from the equator

Front 31

The larger the scale of a map the _______ the area covered by the map and the _______ detail it provides

Back 31

Smaller, more

Front 32

Define equivalence

Back 32

The property of equal area in relation to reality on a map

Front 33

Define conformality

Back 33

The property of true shape in relation to reality on a map

Front 34

On the Mercator Projection, areas at high latitudes appear _______

Back 34

Larger than areas of the same size located nearer to the equator

Front 35

In plotting true magnetic compass readings or rhumb lines between two points which map projection is generally used?

Back 35

Mercator Projection

Front 36

The change in the proportional size of features at high latitudes on a Mercator map occurs because

Back 36

Meridian lines are stretched apart at high latitudes compared to reality where they meet at the poles

Front 37

Name the three fundamental classes of map projections

Back 37

Cylindrical, planar, conical

Front 38

What is an example of a well-known cylindrical map projection

Back 38

Mercator Projection

Front 39

On a topographic map _______ denotes all points at the same elevation

Back 39

Contour line

Front 40

Cite several uses of global positioning system or GPS units

Back 40

1 recently found the correct height of Mount Everest to be 8850 meters or 29035 feet

2 show your location accurate to 100 meters

3 used in Precision agriculture

4 used by surveyors in the military

Front 41

Define remote sensing

Back 41

Remote sensing is the monitoring of a distant object without physical contact

Front 42

What is a common example of an active remote sensing device

Back 42

Radar

Front 43

Understand capabilities of a geographic information system 4

Back 43

1 production of specialized Maps suited to the needs of specific users 2 rapid production of maps based on continuously updated information

3 analysis of spatial information

4 creation of data overlay showing the spatial relationships between variables

Front 44

True or false latitude is easily determined using celestial objects whereas longitude is not easily calculated in such a manner and requires time-keeping devices

Back 44

True

Front 45

Coordinated universal time is the present name for World Standard Time true or false

Back 45

True

Front 46

The Prime Meridian and the 180th Meridian are opposite halves of the same great circle true or false

Back 46

Troop

Front 47

In order for shape to be preserved on a map the parallels and meridians must intersect at right angles true or false

Back 47

Truth

Front 48

Maps that are intended to show special distributions should be based on projections that minimize area Distortion rather than shape Distortion true or false

Back 48

True

Front 49

A circular surface area when drawn on a map designed to preserve area might appear as an oval true or false

Back 49

Truth

Front 50

A landsat or weather satellite image is an example of passive remote sensing true or false

Back 50

True

Front 51

Define system

Back 51

Any ordered interrelated set of objects and attributes as distinct from their surrounding environment

Front 52

Define model

Back 52

Represents an idealized apart of the real world greatly simplified

Front 53

Name Earth's four systems

Back 53

Atmosphere hydrosphere lithosphere ecosphere

Front 54

What are the three methods of expressing scale on maps

Back 54

Written graphic representative fraction

Front 55

Geography is a _______ science and the part of geography that involves mapmaking is _______

Back 55

Spatial cartography

Front 56

How does the sun produce energy

Back 56

Through Fusion processes

Front 57

4 things about the Milky Way galaxy

Back 57

Spiral-shaped Galaxy, it is one of millions of galaxies in the universe, it contains approximately 300 billion stars, our solar system is on a trailing edge of the Milky Way galaxy

Front 58

How did the Sun and Earth form

Back 58

From a nebula of dust and gases

Front 59

What is the speed of light in kilometers per second and in miles per second

Back 59

300000 kilometers per second or 186,000 miles per second

Front 60

The plane of Earth's orbit about the sun is called _______

Back 60

The plane of the ecliptic

Front 61

What is the process by which energy is produced inside of stars

Back 61

Hydrogen is fused together to form helium

Front 62

What is not a consequence of the solar wind

Back 62

The creation of Earth's magnetosphere

Front 63

What creates the Aurora Borealis

Back 63

The solar wind

Front 64

Define insolation

Back 64

Intercepted solar radiation

Front 65

Where is the solar constant measured at

Back 65

Thermopause, the edge of the Earth's atmosphere

Front 66

What causes the uneven distribution of insolation by latitude

Back 66

Earth's sphericity, which presents varied angles to parallel solar rays

Front 67

Define subsolar point

Back 67

The name of the location on the surface of Earth that receives insolation when the sun's rays are perpendicular to the surface

Front 68

On the Northern hemisphere's summer solstice the North Pole region receives _______ daily insolation than areas near the equator because _______

Back 68

More, the sun does not set

Front 69

The sun's declination migrates through _______ degrees

Back 69

47 degrees around the equator

Front 70

The people living at 40 degrees north or south latitude experience _______ hours difference in day length from winter to summer

Back 70

6

Front 71

At all times during the year the circle of Illumination divides Earth between equal _______

Back 71

Equal halves of lightness and darkness

Front 72

Define Sun's altitude

Back 72

The angular height of the sun above the horizon

Front 73

What does Earth's revolution determine

Back 73

The timing of seasons and length of the year

Front 74

Which way does the Earth rotate

Back 74

From west to east

Front 75

What parallel designates the farthest Northern subsolar point during the year

Back 75

Tropic of Cancer

Front 76

What day has equal day and nights everywhere on Earth

Back 76

March 21st

Front 77

The longest days of the year in the northern hemisphere are experienced during the _______

Back 77

Time that the sun is directly overhead at the Tropic of Cancer

Front 78

Where is the Tropic of Capricorn located

Back 78

23.5 degrees south latitude

Front 79

How many hours of day and night are on an equinox

Back 79

12

Front 80

The longest days of the year in the southern hemisphere are experienced during the northern hemisphere's _______

Back 80

Winter solstice

Front 81

Explain the relationship of latitude to Dawn and Twilight

Back 81

The duration of both increases with increasing latitude

Front 82

What is the air in the troposphere made of

Back 82

A mixture of gases that behaves as if it were a single gas

Front 83

Based on composition the atmosphere is divided into _______

Back 83

2 Broad classifications homosphere and heterosphere

Front 84

Define homosphere

Back 84

The region of the atmosphere that is so evenly mixed that it behaves as if it were a single gas

Front 85

Define heterosphere

Back 85

The layer of the atmosphere in which the gases are poorly mixed because of the influence of gravity which causes gases of different weight to separate into layers

Front 86

What are the gases in the atmosphere

Back 86

Nitrogen and oxygen

Front 87

Which of these gases listed below has accumulated in the atmosphere as a result of biological processes argon oxygen nitrogen or water vapor

Back 87

Oxygen

Front 88

Understand the key points about carbon dioxide in the atmosphere 4

Back 88

One it is critically important in regulating the temperature of the Planet 2 it is a natural product of life processes 3 it occurs in small amounts in the atmosphere compared to the important role it plays in the life processes and in regulating the temperature of the planet for the amount of carbon dioxide has increased as a result of human activities

Front 89

Where does the atmospheric portion of the biosphere occur in

Back 89

The troposphere

Front 90

Define refraction

Back 90

When light passes from one medium to another refraction occurs a process that is important to the formation of rainbows and separating light into its different colors or Spectrum

Front 91

Because of the process known as _______ the Sun appears above the Horizon _______ it has actually risen

Back 91

Refraction before

Front 92

Define Albedo

Back 92

The reflective quality of a surface

Front 93

If the surface of the Earth were to suddenly turn white the temperature of the planet would _______ because _______ insolation would be absorbed

Back 93

Decrease less

Front 94

An increase in the earth's Albedo would _______

Back 94

Cool the planet

Front 95

Why is the sky blue

Back 95

The sky is blue because the atmosphere scatters blue light more than any other visible wavelength

Front 96

Define conduction

Back 96

Conduction refers to the molecule to molecule transfer of heat energy that diffuses through material

Front 97

Define convection

Back 97

A vertical air current that is generated by temperature induced density differences is an example of heat transfer by convection

Front 98

The relationship between the insulation curve and the air temperature curve on a graph of daily surface energy exhibits what

Back 98

A lag of several hours between the plotted lines

Front 99

As the kinetic energy of the air increases what happens to its temperature

Back 99

The temperature increases

Front 100

When and where was the lowest temperature recorded on earth to date

Back 100

Antarctica in July

Front 101

What is the significance of the minus 273 degrees Celsius or minus 459.4 degrees Fahrenheit

Back 101

zero degrees absolute temperature

Front 102

When water evaporates the energy that was used to evaporate the water is stored as _______

Back 102

As latent heat in the evaporated water

Front 103

Official temperatures are measured using thermometers placed in shelters that are blank

Back 103

White

Front 104

Based on information discussed earlier in the course you know that seasonal variation in day length _______ with increasing distance from the equator because _______

Back 104

Increases, Earth's axis is tilted relative to the plane of the ecliptic

Front 105

Name a fact regarding clouds

Back 105

They act like insulation and that they have a moderating influence on temperatures

Front 106

The temperature on a cloudy night is likely to be _______ than those on a clear night all other factors being equal

Back 106

warmer than

Front 107

What is the link between evaporation and temperature land vs ocean

Back 107

Evaporation tends to lower temperatures more over water bodies than Overland

Front 108

As a result of the characteristics of water cities located near a coast should experience a temperature rain that is _______ than those of cities located in the interior at the same latitude

Back 108

Smaller than

Front 109

During summer cities located near the coast are _______ than those in the interior at the same latitude while in the winter they are _______

Back 109

Cooler, warmer

Front 110

Understand the link between the Gulf Stream and temperatures in Western Europe

Back 110

The gulf stream moves north and east

Front 111

Which of the following would experience the least continentality Central Nevada North Central Asia a tropical island 200 kilometres Inland from the Gulf of Mexico

Back 111

A tropical island

Front 112

Identify the regions of the earth that experience the greatest continentality

Back 112

Large inland areas furthest away from large bodies of water

Front 113

The highest maximum temperatures on earth occur in interior deserts during July because

Back 113

Insulation is greater than the other latitudes the skies are cloudless little evaporation occurs just Supply moisture to the atmosphere

Front 114

The reflective quality of a surface is Squall called Albedo and is expressed as a percentage true-false

Back 114

True

Front 115

High latitudes have a higher Albedo in Winter than do low latitudes true false

Back 115

True

Front 116

The coldest time of year of the Year occurs in December at the time of the winter solstice true false

Back 116

False

Front 117

The energy received in just 35 minutes at the surface of the u.s. exceeds the amount of energy derived from burning fossil fuels in a year true-false

Back 117

True

Front 118

There is as yet no scientific consensus concerning the idea that Earth is warming as a result of human activities true-false

Back 118

False

Front 119

The average annual temperature of a location is controlled primarily by latitude true-false

Back 119

True

Front 120

Clouds moderate temperatures producing lower daily maximums and higher nightly minimums true false

Back 120

True

Front 121

You would expect a tropical island have a high degree of Continental ality true false

Back 121

False

Front 122

The southern hemisphere is dominated by Maritime influences whereas the northern hemisphere is dominated by continentality true false

Back 122

True

Front 123

Heat energy can be transferred through what four ways

Back 123

Conduction convection advection radiation

Front 124

Airflow is initiated by the _______

Back 124

Pressure gradient Force

Front 125

As air temperature increases the speed of the molecules in a mass of air _______ and the air pressure _______

Back 125

Increases increases

Front 126

What basically happens to air due to the pressure gradient Force

Back 126

It drives air from areas of higher to lower barometric pressure

Front 127

On a weather map of air pressure what can you infer from a closer spacing of isobars

Back 127

A steep pressure gradient creating a faster flow of air

Front 128

The deflection produced by the Coriolis a force is caused by

Back 128

The fact that Earth's rotation decreases in speed toward the poles

Front 129

The effect of the Coriolis force is _______ in the upper atmosphere because _______

Back 129

Enhanced there is less friction

Front 130

The wind belts used by Mariners to travel from Europe to North America during the days of sailing ships were the

Back 130

Northeast trades

Front 131

During the day along the coast the wind tends to blow toward the _______ because _______

Back 131

Land land Heats more rapidly than water

Front 132

Which of the following is a benefit of wind power as opposed to other more traditional power sources it does not produce radioactive waste it is renewable it does not produce pollution or acid rain does not require mining

Back 132

All of the above

Front 133

Torricelli invented a device used for the measurement of air pressure true-false

Back 133

True

Front 134

Wind speed is measured with a barometer true-false

Back 134

False

Front 135

Winds are named for the direction in which they are blowing not from where they originated true-false

Back 135

False

Front 136

The pressure gradient Force drives air from areas of higher pressure to of lower pressure true-false

Back 136

True

Front 137

The Coriolis force is responsible for the direction water rotates when flowing into a drain true or false

Back 137

False

Front 138

Friction creates a deflection in Wind movements that is always to the right in the northern hemisphere true-false

Back 138

False

Front 139

The forces that control the wind include the pressure gradient Force coriolis force and friction Force true-false

Back 139

True

Front 140

A line connecting points of equal pressure on a weather map is called an isobar true-false

Back 140

True

Front 141

The effect of surface friction extends to a height of about 500 meters or 1640 feet although it may vary with wind speed season time of day and pressure patterns true-false

Back 141

True

Front 142

A primary low pressure area occurs from 20 degrees to 35 degrees north latitude and south latitude true-false

Back 142

False

Front 143

The dynamic secondary pressure areas located around 60 degrees north latitude are subpolar low pressure centers true false

Back 143

True

Front 144

The intertropical Convergence Zone itcz shifts as far north as the Persian Gulf region in July even though it is associated with equatorial circulation true-false

Back 144

True

Front 145

Subtropical high-pressure systems generate both the trade winds and the westerlies true-false

Back 145

True

Front 146

The doldrums are associated with the subtropical pressure belt and the horse latitudes are associated with the equatorial belt true false

Back 146

False

Front 147

In India Monsoon rains come in the winter season true-false

Back 147

False

Front 148

Ocean currents play a relatively small role in regulating climate true-false

Back 148

False

Front 149

Areas in which Gravity Drainage of error occurs would make potentially good sides for wind turbines true-false

Back 149

True

Front 150

In Minnesota a single wind turbine can generate $20,000 of electricity each year true false

Back 150

True

Front 151

The two countries with the most wind power capacity in Europe are Germany and Spain true-false

Back 151

True

Front 152

The global potential for wind energy is enough to meet a little less than half the planet's energy

Back 152

False

Front 153

Wind power is more expensive than nucular or cold energy true false

Back 153

False

Front 154

The El Nino Southern oscillation involves a pool of warm water shifting North and South across the Pacific Ocean true-false

Back 154

False

Front 155

The horizontal motion of air across Earth's surface is called

Back 155

Wind

Front 156

Wind speed is measured with an

Back 156

Anemometer

Front 157

Wind direction is measured with

Back 157

Wind vane

Front 158

A descriptive scale useful in visually estimating wins is the traditional

Back 158

Beaufort wind scale

Front 159

Name the four forces that shape the speed and direction of winds

Back 159

Gravity pressure gradient Force coriolis Force friction

Front 160

Continentality

Back 160

The greater range between max & min tempt on both a daily & yearly basis in areas inland or distant from other large water bodies