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194 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the differences between human and physical geography?
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Human geography: study of patterns + processes of the human world (human landscapes, culture, ect)
Physical geography: patterns + processes of the physical environment (earth sciences) - Human geography looks at the spatial interactions between people, and the marks that they leave on the land. Physical is occupied with figuring out the physical condition of the Earth's surfaces |
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How do we come to know and understand things?
Common knowledge/ Formal knowledge |
Common Knowledge: Learned through direct interaction + experience with the world (i.e, Don't touch that hot stove)
Formal Knowledge: Obtained through education (calculus, english, grammar) |
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Absolute Space
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Measurable, definable boundaries
- Objective Example: Maps, preserve the actual areal extent of the Earth |
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Relative Space
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Subjective
Example: The definition of "cozy" is subjective to everybody, also a walk to the corner store may seem relatively short for one, but very long for another person |
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Location
(Absolute Location, Relative Location) |
A particular position in space
Absolute (mathematical) location: unchanging, mathematical lat + long Relative (perceived) location |
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Toponym
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The name that is associated with a place
- Most things have place names |
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Place
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Location with attachments/ meaning/ significance
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Sense of place
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The feelings obtained from a location
- Sense of place + uniqueness inspires people to travel |
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Distance
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The measurement of the amount of space between two or more locations
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Distribution (Three forms)
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1. Density: Objective, quantitative, measurable
2. Concentration/ Dispersion: How something is spread over an area - clustered/ dispersed 3. Pattern: The spatial arrangement of objects - Linear/ random/ uniform |
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What is the Law of Geography?
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"Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more closely related than distant things"
- This is the influence of distance/ distance decay |
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Distance Decay
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Decline of an activity or function as distance increases
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Accessibility
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The ease with which people can cross distances
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Connectivity
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All tangible or intangible connections between two or more locations
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Gravity
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A quantity of movement/ interaction between two places
Important: - Relative sizes of the places - Distance between locations - Distance decay function In general: "The attraction between two objects is proportional to their masses + inversely proportional to their respective distance" |
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What is a map?
- What is so important about maps? |
2-D Graphical representations of the world, depict social relationships
- Communicate information - Allow for analysis of spatial information - Maps are socially constructed |
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Cylindrical Projections
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The Earth's surface is projected onto a cylinder that just touches the outside edges of the globe (@ equator)
- Accuracy is best at the equator + declines towards the poles - Example: Mercator Projection |
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Conical Projections
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The Earth's surface is projected onto a cone that just touches the outside edges of the globe (usually at the mid-latitude)
- Accuracy is greatest at mid-latitudes, wide areas |
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Azimuthal Projections
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The Earth's surface is projected onto a flat surface that touches the globe at one point only
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Dot maps
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Reveal patterns of spatial concentration or dispersion
- The dots represent an event or incident - Dr. John snow used a dot map to diagnose London drinking water as the vector for CHOLERA |
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Chloropleth Maps
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Indicate graduated variations in data
Example: each state is a single unit/ entity placed in a category: usually coloured blocks |
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Isopleth Maps
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Connect locations of equal data value
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Cartogram
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Space is distorted to emphasize particular attributes
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What is the global spatial variation in terms of wellbeing?
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The difference between the "haves" and "have nots"
- both local and global |
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What categories fall under Social Development?
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- Social investment (healthcare, ect)
- Education - Overall health - Security - Housing |
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Is there a relationship between economic + social development?
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Yes, in general, wealthier countries have more money to invest in social programs
HOWEVER: not all countries invest equally in social development (Canada vs. US) |
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T/F Disparities between the more + less developed world are rising
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True
- The rich are getting richer + the poor are getting poorer, however SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT disparities are on the decline - The levels of social development in the less developed world is increasing |
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What is HDI?
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Ranges from 0.0 (no development) to 1.0
- Attempt to stick all measurable parameters of social development + come up with a percentage Will give us a quantitative measure of social development - There is a general association that exists between HDI and GNI |
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How many people worldwide are starving? (Generally) where?
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> 850 million (1/7 people)
Regionally concentrated - Sub-Saharan Africa - South Asia - Pockets within countries |
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What are the Basic + minimum caloric requirements for a human bean?
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Basic (FAO) = 2400 c/day
Min = 2100 c/ day * There are variations over occupation, age, gender, physical size + climate |
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What are the five factors which have played a major role in globalization?
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1. Increase in monetary flow among countries
2. Rise of Trans-National Corporations 3. Improvements on tariffs + trade agreements 4. Improvements in the efficiency + range of transportation 5. The Homogenization of Popculture |
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What is Wallerstein's Model of World Systems?
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1. Core
2. Semi-periphery 3. Periphery |
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Complementarity
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encourages flows between areas by balancing supply + demand
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Transferability
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Affects moving decisions by introducing cost, time + effort into consideration
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Why is precise classification of countries by developmental status impossible?
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No countries are on exactly the same level of development
There are, however, large classifications |
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Absolute Poverty
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A person's ability to meet their basic needs
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Relative Poverty
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A person's ability to meet basic needs and also participate in every day societal activities
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What are the Millenium Development Goals?
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1. End extreme poverty
2. Universal Primary Education 3. Gender Equality 4. Reduce Child Mortality 5. Improve Maternal Health 6. Combat HIV/ AIDS/ Malaria 7. Environmental Sustainability 8. Develop a global development partnership |
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Relative/ Relational Direction
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Directional reference, culturally based + locationally variable
Ex: In Canada, we say "up North, Down East, Out West, ect" |
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Formal Region
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The largest area over which a valid generalization of uniformity can be made
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What is development?
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The extent to which the human/ natural resources have been put to productive use
- Economic growth - "modernization" - Human welfare |
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Give some examples of Non-economic measures of development
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- Social Programs
- Health - Education - Gender equality - Caloric Intake |
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Mental Map
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Highly personalized impressions + information about the spatial arrangement of things
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Territoriality
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The emotional connection to a piece of land, and the protection of "home turf"
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Critical Distance
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The distance beyond which cost, effort + means influence willingness to travel
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Differences between the rural "cash economy" people and Amish people in their travel patterns:
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- The "cash economy" people were much more willing to travel to the nearest big city in order to do their shopping at big box stores
- The Amish people pretty much kept to small concentric areas around their home areas This is most likely because they do not have cars (a quick + easy form of transportation) -also because they most likely do not need to save money on microwaves at Costco |
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What is a "Grameen Bank"? What is it's premise?
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- Microcredit lenders in poor countries (originated in Bangladesh)
- No collateral, low interest loans primarily for women - Stipulations: - Must make a savings account, learn proper nutrition + educate their children |
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Contagious Diffusion
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Spreads like a disease
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Contagious Diffusion
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Spreads like a disease
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T/F: Greater proportions of the global population are living in urban areas each year
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True!
• The proportion of urban populations is increasing • This process of urbanization is relatively recent • It has grown from 10%-50% of the population in 200 years • Urbanization is fundamentally connected to economic and social/cultural change |
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City
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a large town, localized + with an incorporated municipal centre
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What is the Canadian criteria for an urban area?
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A place has to exceed 1000 people, with a density of 400/ sq km
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What is the difference between "urban" and "city"?
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Urban: General term, includes clustered settlements that exceed the threshold of the population
City: specific term, a place of certain size, function, + political status |
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True/ False: A village, town, and city are all nucleated settlements
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True!
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T/F: A suburb is a specialized + peripheral area of a nucleated settlement
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True!
They can be all residential, or a mix of residential + commercial |
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What is a metropolitan area?
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An agglomeration of discontinuously built up urban areas, acting as a distinct economic unit
Ex: GTA |
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Urbanization
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The transformation of a population from rural to urban status: The process of city formation + expansion
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Urban growth
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An increase in the proportion of people living in a city
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Megacities
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More than 10 million people
EX: Calcutta, Delhi, Mumbai, |
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List the Key elements of cities
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o Residential
o Commercial o Industrial o Institutional o Transportation/ Infrastructure o Public These become known as "functional sub-areas" |
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What is the connection between the functional land uses and the shape of cities?
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• Structure/ morphology is shaped primarily by competition for territory + location
• Desirability is most often determined by accessibility • Greater accessibility translates into greater desirability • Desirability equals ability to pay for land |
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Concentric Growth Model
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Ernest Burgess
- Due to rapid growth + immigration - Based on Chicago in the 1920's 5 zones with a city growing from the centre, people moving from one zone to another 1. CBD 2. Zone of Transition 3. Zone of worker's homes 4. High-class residents 5. Commuter Zone |
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Sector Model
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Homer Hoyt
- City differentiated based on price of land - Land prices are determined by distance from CBD, and proximity to other sectors |
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Multiple Nuclei Model
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Harris + Ullman
- Multiple nuclei? |
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How old is GIS?
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around 45 y
- Canadian invention (1963) |
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What is GIS?
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• Mapping and Reporting
• Internet o Data Access o Citizen Portals • Logistics Navigations • Visualization • Data Creation |
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What is the objective of Weber's Model of Plant Location?
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Locate a plant so as to maximize profits by minimizing transportation costs
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How can one tangibly measure where to put production plants through Weber's Model of Plant Location?
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Weights under each “raw materials”
• Weights correspond to price of shipping • The raw material with the highest shipping cost will be located the closest to the manufacturing plant - put onto a map-board and see where the weights shift the central area. Put the plant there |
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Why is Weber's Model of Plant Location less tangible now?
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Transnational Corporations worry about more than just transportation costs
- Cost of labour - environmental regulations - Price of raw materials |
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Influencing factors on plant location
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- Markets
- Raw Materials - Labour - Transportation - Infrastructure - Energy - Agglomeration - Political stability - Tax incentives - |
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What is Weber's least cost theory of industrial location?
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• Relationship between economic costs (transportation), distance, and locational decision making
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Shift to a Post-Industrial Society
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Economic restructuring
- Transition from manufacturing to service - Cultural + social transformation - Production to consumption - Factory into a casino or lofts |
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Deindustrialization
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A reduction in manufacturing employment + output
o Spatially concentrated: concentrated in the areas which were more industrial o Happens evenly, temporally • Happens quickly - Happens as a consequence of major economic uncertainty - Ex: Detroit, Hamilton |
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Reindustrialization
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- Small, niche-market producers
- Manufacturers sneaking back into area - Generally high tech: RIM, MIP - Research oriented |
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Compare:
- Primary/ Pre-Industrial/ Subsistence - Secondary/ Industrial Society - Tertiary/ Post-Industrial/ Service Society |
1. Family grew food, processed it, and ate it
2. Specialized farms, grocery stores 3. People pay a lot of $$ for food made by other people - Processed - Far removed from manufacturing |
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T/F: Globally, service employment has tripled from 1960-2000
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False!
It has doubled rom 20-40% - Increased more in MDW |
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Know Von Thunen
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:)
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T/F: Canada's employment in the manufacturing sector has fallen 10% since the 1970s
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True!
This can be seen in many deindustrializing cities (Ham is one) |
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Gross Inputs
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Some or all of the weight is lost in production process (i.e, steel)
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Pure Input
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All of the weight of the input reaches the final product (i.e, Water-> beer)
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Localized Input
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Available only at certain locations (i.e, oil)
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Ubiquitous Inputs
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Available everywhere (i.e, water)
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Factors accounting for growth of iron/ steel industry in Hamilton
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- Harbour (port facilities)
- Situation in the middle of manufacturing ore - Transportation/ accessibility (waterways, railways, ect) - Government policy (raised taxes on manufactured goods from US, boosted production in Canada) |
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What was Hamilton's peak employment number in the steel industry?
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Late 1970s to early 1980s: 25,000
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Issues and challenges associated with the decline of the steel markets
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- Foreign competition
- Environmental Legacy (Randle Reef) - Hamilton's Image |
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Central Place
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A market centre/ urban place where goods + services are available
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Market Area
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The geographic extent or area surrounding a central place, from which customers are attracted
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Threshold
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The minimum amount of sales (or demand) a business needs to stay afloat
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Range (of a good):
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The maximum distance a consumer is willing to travel to get the good
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T/F: Different goods have different Ranges and Thresholds
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True!
Low order goods: small range, inexpensive, purchased often (ex: coffee, candy) |
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Central Place Theory
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Find it!
Fellman pg 263-265 |
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Negative Effects of Walmart
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- Competitors unable to compete
- Low wages - Domestic jobs lost due to high levels of imports - Contributing to globalization, placelessness - Absence of downtown retailing |
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Positive Effects of Walmart
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- Consumer saving
- Employment |
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What is the evidence that Hamilton's downtown is/ was declining?
- What factors underlie this? - What can be done to remedy it? |
:)
You know this |
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What does the Tertiary Sector consist of?
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- Retail (consumer goods)
- Business services (financial, professional information) - Wholesaling (distribution) - Hospitality - Education ”Those parts of the economy that fulfill the exchange function, that provide market availability of commodities, and that bring together consumers and providers of services….” |
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The late 19th century city
Mobility, form, retail structure? |
Mobility: walking, streetcar
Form: High density, compact Retail S: Concentrated in CBD |
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20th Century city (Post WWII)
Mobility/ Form/ Retail Structure |
M: increased dramatically (auto, buses)
F: Lower density, decentralized R: Suburban centres (Shopping Malls) |
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Post 1980s
Mobility/ Form/ Retail Structure |
M: Increased auto ownership, LRT, interconnectedness (internet)
F: Continued suburbanization, decentralization, later gentrification |
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When and why did the environmental movement start?
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1950's: Start of social activism, intensified by Rachel Carson's Silent Spring
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Ecological Footprint
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A measure of our resource consumption, and subsequent impact on the planet
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Ecosystem
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A set of interacting + interconnected organisms and their environment
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Tragedy of the Commons
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When individuals have access to a common resource, individual rational behaviour leads to problems for everyone
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What is I=PAT?
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A way to classify human impacts on ecosystems
I= Impact P= Population A= Affluence (standard of living) T=Technology |
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Spectacle Tourism
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For consumption of popular culture
- Disney land, Las Vegas - Places are artificial and deliberately created |
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Mass Tourism
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Experiences + commodities consumed under conditions of mass production/ consumption
- i.e, malls |
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Alternative Tourism
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Wide range of experiences which are not part of popular culture
- Unique experiences with a place (any foreign country travelled alone) |
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Benefits of Tourism
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Positive Economic Impacts
- jobs, revenue, infrastructure Image creation |
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Drawbacks of Tourism
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- Corruption of local cultures + environments
- Subject to boom + bust cycles - Financial returns for tourist areas are not as high as excepected |
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Crude Birth Rate
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Births/Population x1000
- Easy for comparing levels in fertility - Doesn't account for differences in population (i.e, disproportionate amount of males) |
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General Fertility Rate
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B/P(F14-49) x 1000
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Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
What is the global fertility rate? |
The average number of children a woman will have in her reproductive timeframe
GFR: 2.8 A rate of 2.1-2.5 is considered to be replacement level |
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Which countries have a high TFR?
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African countries, some south east Asian countries
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Crude Death Rate (CDR)
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Total deaths/ population x1000
General amount of people that die |
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Infant Mortality Rate
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Age adjusted rate for mortality
Deaths (aged 0-1)/ births x1000 - the rates vary around the world |
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What countries have particularly high CDR?
Why is this? |
Afghanistan (conflict)
- Sub-saharan Africa (due to AIDS) |
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What did Malthus say about population growth?
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- Populations grow exponentially, and food supplies increase linearly
- Therefore, there will be an insane food crisis |
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What are some possible checks on population?
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- Social, political, economic
- these will cause fertility rates to drop, which will cause population growth to slow (yes, this has been happening! Developed countries have low fertility rates because of social + economic reasons, some countries i.e, China, India have political population checks) - War - Disease - Limiting resources |
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Why was Malthus incorrect in his postulation?
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- He did not take into account human's ability to modify their environment
- The green revolution happened! |
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What are the four stages of the demographic transition model?
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1. High DR, High BR (slow growth)
2. Falling DR, High BR (quick growth) 3. Falling DR, Falling BR (slowing) 4. Low DR, Low BR (low to almost no growth) It is the goal of many countries to pass quickly through the 2nd and 3rd stages ** Know how to draw the squiggly diagram |
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To what extent does the Demographic Transition Model fit the developed and developing world?
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Dev world:
- Fits perfectly, since it was modelled off of these countries Developing world - may not fit quite as well b/c we don't know if it is predictive? |
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Population Structure
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A way of thinking of the structural composition of populations
- Gender and age component - Population pyramids! - Expanding - Diminishing - Stable |
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Migration
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The spatial movement of population from one place to another
- Can be local, regional, global |
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What are key issues of migration that geographers are interested in?
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- Number of migrants
- Distance moved - Political boundaries crossed - Causes of migration - Time spent in new location |
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Net Migration
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Immigrants-Emigrants
- Countries such as Canada have a positive net migration (many people come to Canada for more freedoms, a "better" life) - Countries in South America, Asia, Africa have negative net migration b/c people leave those countries (emmigrate) |
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Push factors of migration
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- Factors that encourage people to move:
- undesirable environment - political - war - famine - economic issues |
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Pull factors of migration
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- People are drawn to better circumstances
- Economic - Environment - Political - Freedom |
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What are the three most common forms of push-pull factors of migration?
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- Political
- Economic - Environmental |
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Free migration
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People are free to leave their country
- Ex: Europe in the 1800s/1900s - People left for a better life, escaping political issues and population pressures - New opportunities |
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Forced Migration
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- Slavery: Slaves are imported and exported against their will
- Indentured servitude (S.E Asians on plantations) |
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Impelled Migration
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In between free and forced
- The people have a choice, but it is limited - People being persecuted (you can stay if you want, but you will most likely die) * Are these choices made freely, or are they influenced (impelled) by something? |
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Illegal Migration
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Illegally migrating into a country
- Ex: Mexicans into the U.S |
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Refugees
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A particular kind of impelled migrants
- Mostly political, religious, ethnic reasons “A person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable to, or unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country” |
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How many refugees are there in the world? (according to UN Refugee Agency?)
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20-50 million people
10 million internally displaced ppl |
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Where were most refugees coming from (1997-2002)?
Where were they going? |
Coming from: Middle Africa, Russia, China,
Going to: Canada, U.S, Pakistan, China |
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Is the process of urbanization recent?
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Yes! Increase of 10-15% within the last 200 years
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T/F: Urbanization is not really connected to economic, social, and cultural change
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False! They are all very connected
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Why does Latin America have urban settlement patterns similar to North America?
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European Colonization
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What are the 5 largest cities in the world?
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1. Tokyo
2. Mexico City 3. New York 4. Sao Paolo 5. Mumbai |
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What are projected to be the world's largest cities in 2015?
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1. Tokyo
2. Mumbai 3. Delhi 4. Mexico City 5. Sao Paolo |
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What are some consequences of rapid urban growth in countries that are not economically self-sufficient to deal with it?
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- Food shortages
- Lack of infrastructure (water, sanitation) - Slums |
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Draw the three models of urban structure
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1. Concentric Zone
2. Sector Model 3. Multiple Nuclei |
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What is urban planning?
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The organization of land uses, transportation + social services to improve built, economic, and social environments of communities
- Aspiring to make development better in the future |
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Where did urban planning come from?
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- Response to the horrible sanitary, social + economic conditions found in early developing industrial cities
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Who helps to plan cities?
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The city: every city has a planning department
- Private contractors - The public (is consulted) |
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What do urban planners plan?
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- Land uses (zoning restrictions)
- Services - Infrastructure - Transportation - Employment areas - Housing - Environment |
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What is the controversy surrounding the Pan-Am games?
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Hamilton is helping to host the Pan-Am games in 2015, and Hamiltonians want to build a new stadium for cycling, soccer, track
Initial options for stadium: - Ivor Wynne - Confederation Park - West Harbour Ti-cats want the stadium on the Mountain b/c there is more access by highway - Residents want the stadium in the West Harbour b/c of the remidiation + social improvements |
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What is Code Red?
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Health mapping project done by GIS at McMaster + the Hamilton Spectator
- Uses real life data processed and gathered to see what makes populations healthy "Most important journalism project ever put together by the Spec) - Cited in the House of Commons |
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What impact did the Code Red analysis have on Hamilton?
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- A new health campus is opening up in DT Ham
- New scholarships created for Mohawk + McMaster - McMaster Nursing faculty study |
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Is GIS a new phenomenon?
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Nope! been around for 45+ years
- Invented by a Canadian! - One of the three "megatechnologies" |
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How does GIS save lives?
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Ambulances use it to effectively + quickly route them
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What are the benefits of linking data to place with Code Red?
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- Enhances communication
- Successfully able to describe health disparities in Ham - Attracted policy makers |
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Economic Base
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The set of economic activities upon which a community or region relies on in order to generate income from elsewhere
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Primary Sector
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- Identification + extraction of resources
- Agriculture, forestry, mining |
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Secondary Sector
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Transforming raw materials into usable goods
- Turning corn into corn flakes - Manufacturing steel/ wood |
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Tertiary Sector
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Distribution + servicing of goods
- Consumer + business services - Merchants, grocers, ect - Doctors, lawyers |
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Quaternary Sector
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Government related jobs, management, high-order services
- Research, military - Media, communications, journalism |
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What percentage of Canadians are employed by the Tertiary + Quaternary sector?
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85%
- varies regionally |
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T/F: Primary sector jobs in N.A have declined steadily since the 1900s
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True!
- In North America |
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What contributed to North America's initial economic success?
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Abundance of natty resources
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What is meant by "geographies of agriculture"?
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Land + local environment, coupled with agricultural specialization has created geographies of agriculture.
Ex: Bread basket in Canada, India - Pineapples will never be able to be grown in Ontario - Clustering of hog farms/ ranches w/ cattle |
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What are the Primary economic activities in North America?
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1. Agriculture
2. Mining 3. Fisheries 4. Forestry |
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What has been the most important human activity for the last 12000 years?
- How much land area? - Employment %? |
Agriculture!
However, it's significance is declining - 30% of the world's landmass - 45% of the world's working population |
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Why are there much less people working in the agricultural sector in more developed countries?
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B/c of agribusiness: a lot of it is mechanized and requires less human capital
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What does a food producing system include?
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- Land (climate)
- Inputs (fertilizer, water, time) - Output (products) - Consumers |
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What are the two primary forms of agricultural systems?
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1. Subsistence
2. Commercial |
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What are the major differences between subsistence and commercial agriculture?
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- Subsistence = low input, highly labour intensive, provides enough food for the family (and surpluses may be sold)
- shifting cultivation - Pastoralism - Typically found in the developing world Commercial: highly resource intensive (requires a lot of oil -machinery) - Large scale - Machinery intensive (less human capital) - Family farms, agribusiness - Typically found in more developed countries |
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Why are agricultural activities located where they are?
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- Physical factors: Think of geography, soil, climate
- Cultural factors: Particular tastes for different kinds of food (corn in N . America, sorghum in Africa) - Political Factors: Governments influence what type of crop is produced (i.e, corn subsidies) - Economic factors: what is economically feasible? |
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What is currently the dominant component of the Canadian economy?
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Service sector (Tertiary)
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What were the essential components of the Industrial Revolution?
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1. Large scale factory production
2. Capitalized mechanization 3. Agglomeration of industries 4. Rural to urban migration 5. Increase in productivity |
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Definitions on Exam:
- Geography - Impelled Migration - Friction of Distance - Industrial Revolution - Megacity - Globalization - Agri-business - TNC - Urbanization - Fertility Rate |
Geography: Human geography: study of patterns + processes of the human world (human landscapes, culture, ect)
Physical geography: patterns + processes of the physical environment (earth sciences) - emphasis on SPACE Impelled Migration: In between free and forced - The people have a choice, but it is limited Friction of Distance: A measure of the restricting affect of distance on spatial interaction - The greater the distance, the greater the friction (less interaction) Industrial Revolution: The term applied to rapid economic + social changes that took place in agriculture + manufacture that followed the introduction of simple machines in the textile industry in 18th cen. England Megacity: A city with a population of 10 million or more. (NY, Tokyo) Globalization: The increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of people around the world, which creates changes in social hierarchies and the organization of society + place Agribusiness: Agriculture conducted on commercial principles, |
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Why is transitioning from a manufacturing sector to a tertiary sector difficult?
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- People lose their jobs, economic adjustment takes place
- People no longer have the right skills for abundant jobs - Ham for example: Steel industries backed out and almost the whole economy collapsed.. poor people everywhere without jobs - Toronto is an example of a transition done right |
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What are the four major regions of manufacture?
Which regions are emerging? |
- Eastern North America
- Western Europe - East Asia (Japan) - East Europe (Russia) Emerging: - East Asia - SE Asia - Latin America |
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What was the initial advantage that North America had over many other manufacturing areas?
What is happening to the geographies of the manufacturing economies now? |
- Crazy abundance of natural resources
- People Now, the manufacturing jobs are moving from NE North America to the West and South for cheaper labour |
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What countries are considered to be the "Asian Tigers"?
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- South Korea
- Singapore - Taiwan - Hong Kong - China - Malaysia - Thailand - Indonesia - Philippenes |
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What is an EPZ?
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Export Processing Zone
- Designated areas within established coutnies where there are no duties or taxes. - Raw materials coming in, or finished products going out will not have any taxes. - providing very heavily subsidized infrastructure – railways and containers - These areas have very lax regulations for environment and labour. There arent very many regulations either. |
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Give five examples of TNCs, and the sector they are in
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1. Monsanto- Primary
2. Walmart- Tertiary 3. Apple- Secondary 4. Toyota- Secondary 5. Finance, healthcare |
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T/F: Some TNCs have economies larger than some countries
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TRUE!
Think of the economy of Apple vs. Ethiopia |
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T/F: More than 80% of Canadians live in cities
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True
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What is the Surplus Theory of city formation?
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- Eventually, human groups were able to create food surpluses (through farming, animal husbandry), which allowed for labour specialization.
- Once these new skills were found, and found to be very useful, labour specialization lead to societal hierarchies and social stratification - Eventually cities evolved with a law system + leader, ect ect |
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What is a "conurbation"?
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- GTA for example, multiple municipalities that have merged together to create one large urban area.
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Weber's model of plant location
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Based on raw materials orientation
- Minimize transport costs of raw materials to manufacturing plant by locating the plant strategically Goal: locate plants strategically in order to maximize profits by minimizing transport costs - If there is more than one raw material, use the weight on a string thing tied to a map, and see where the plant should be located |
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What are criticisms of Weber's model of plant location?
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- During his time, least cost tendencies were the norm
- Really, the only input would have been natural resources (labour was very cheap) - Now, there are many more factors to take into consideration when choosing a plant location (labour laws/ costs, environmental laws, ect) - Also TNCs are willing to pick up and move entire plants if it means money savings |
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Factors influencing plant location
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1. Markets: where they will sell the finished product
2. Raw materials 3. Labour 4. Transport costs 5. Infrastructure 6. Energy 7. Agglomeration of plants 8. Other: Political stability, environmental regulations, taxes, ect |
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What is a population pyramid?
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- Graphic representation of a population's age + gender composition
- Compares population in terms of age + gender - Either represented as a raw # of people, or as a percentage of total population (more common) |
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Primate City
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a city that is far more than twice the size of the second-highest ranked city (i.e, Mexico City)
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Subsistence Economy
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Goods + services are created for the use of producers + their kinship groups
- There is little exchange of goods and only limited need for markets |
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Commercial Economy
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Producers (or their agents) freely market their goods + services
- Laws of supply + demand determine market prices - Market competition is the primary force shaping production decisions |
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Planned economy
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- Associated with communist controlled societies
- Collapsed in almost all countries in which it was imposed |
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Intensive Farming
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- Farmers who apply large amounts of capital and/ or labour per unit of land
- Crops: fruits, veggies, dairy products - Highly perishable |
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Extensive Farming
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- Large wheat farms, livestock ranching
- Less expensive land = cheaper farm units |
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Gathering Industries
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Based on harvesting natural + renewable resources that are in serious danger of being depleted
- Fishing, forestry, fur trapping |
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Extractive Industries
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Removing non-renewable metallic and non-metallic minerals from the Earth's crust
- Mining, quarrying |
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Give three examples of ubiquitous industries
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- Industries that can be found virtually everywhere
- Highly perishable products - Newspaper manufacturing plants - bakeries - Fruit markets |
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What are "gold collar" jobs?
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Quinary sector,
- Specialized, highly paid skill jobs such as business executives + government officials |
