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210 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Anatomy.
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the study of the internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among body parts
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Which form of gross anatomy focuses on the anatomical organization of specific areas of the body?
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Regional Anatomy
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What is the study of tissues and their structures?
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Histology
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Which form of physiology studies on the effects of diseases on the function of the body?
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Pathological Physiology
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Which organ system stores calcium and other minerals?
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Skeletal System
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Which organ system functions to direct long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems by releasing hormones?
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Endocrine System
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Which organ system contains the pharynx, larynx, and trachea?
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Respiratory System
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What is the maintenance of a constant and optimal internal environment termed?
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Negative Feedback
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Which involves a response controlled by the nervous or endocrine systems?
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Extrinsic Regulation
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A sensory receptor in the skin sensitive to temperature would be an example of which part of a homeostatic regulatory mechanism?
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Receptor
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Labor and delivery is an example of which mechanism of homeostatic regulation?
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Positive Feedback
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Define cytology.
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The study of cells
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Name 4 specialties of Physiology.
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Cell, Organ, Systemic, Pathological
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Name 5 specialites of Gross Anatomy.
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Surface, Regional, Systemic, Developmental, Clinical
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Name 6 levels of organization within the body.
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Molecular( or Chemical), Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism
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Define Homeostasis.
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a stable internal environment
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What is the result of not maintaining homeostasis?
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Illness, or death.
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Define Autoregulation, or Intrinsic Regulation.
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occurs when a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system adjusts automatically in response to environmental change.
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A&P Landmarks: Frons or Frontal
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forehead
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A&P Landmarks: Cranium
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skull (cranial)
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A&P Landmarks: Facies
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Face (facial)
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A&P Landmarks: Cephalon
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Head (cephalic)
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A&P Landmarks: Nasus
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Nose (nasal)
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A&P Landmarks: Oculus
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Eye (orbital or ocular)
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A&P Landmarks: Auris
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Ear (otic)
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A&P Landmarks: Bucca
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Cheek(buccal)
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A&P Landmarks: Cervicus
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Neck (cervical)
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A&P Landmarks: Oris
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Mouth (oral)
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A&P Landmarks: Mentis
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Chin (mental)
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A&P Landmarks: Thoracis
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Thorax, chest (thoracic)
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A&P Landmarks: Mamma
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Breast (mammary)
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A&P Landmarks: Axilla
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Armpit (axillary)
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A&P Landmarks: Brachium
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Arm (brachial)
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A&P Landmarks: Antecubitus
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Front of elbow (antecubital)
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A&P Landmarks: Antebrachium
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Forearm (antebrachial)
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A&P Landmarks: Carpus
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Wrist (carpal)
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A&P Landmarks: Palma
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Palm of hand (palmar)
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A&P Landmarks: Abdomen
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Abdominal
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A&P Landmarks:Umbilicus
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Navel (umbilical)
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A&P Landmarks: Pelvis
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Pelvic
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A&P Landmarks: Manus
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Hand (manual)
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A&P Landmarks: Pollex
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Thumb
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A&P Landmarks: Inguen
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Groin (inguinal)
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A&P Landmarks: Pubis
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Pubic
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A&P Landmarks: Digits or Phalanges
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Fingers and Toes
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A&P Landmarks: Femur
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Thigh (femoral)
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A&P Landmarks: Patella
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Kneecap (patellar)
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A&P Landmarks: Crus
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Leg (crural)
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A&P Landmarks: Tarsus
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Ankle (tarsal)
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A&P Landmarks: Hallux
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Big toe
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A&P Landmarks: Pes
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Foot (pedal)
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A&P Landmarks: Acromion
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Point of Shoulder (acromial)
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A&P Landmarks: Olecranon
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Back of Elbow (olecranal)
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A&P Landmarks: Lumbus
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Lower back, loin (lumbar)
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A&P Landmarks: Gluteus
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Buttock (gluteal)
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A&P Landmarks: Popliteus
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Back of Knee (popliteal)
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A&P Landmarks: Sura
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Calf (sural)
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A&P Landmarks: Calcaneus
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Heel of foot (calcaneal)
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A&P Landmarks: Planta
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Sole of foot (plantar)
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A&P Landmarks: Upper Limb
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Arms
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A&P Landmarks: Lower limb
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Legs
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List the 4 Abdominopelvic Quadrants
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RUQ right upper quadrant
LUQ left upper quadrant RLQ right lower quadrant LLQ left lower quadrant |
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List 6 Abdominopelvic Regions
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Right Hypochondriac, Epigastric, Left Hypochondriac, Right Lumbar, Umbilical, Left Lumbar, Right Iliac, Hypogastric, Left Iliac
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The liver is located in the _____ abdominopelvic quadrant.
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RUQ
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The diaphragm is the inferior boundary of which cavity?
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Thoracic
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The heart is located in the ___ cavity with a serous membrane, called _____.
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Thoracic; pericardium
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The visceral pleura surrounds the _____.
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Lung
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The urinary bladder is contained in which ventral body cavity?
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Pelvic
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The gallbladder is found in the _____abdominopelvic region.
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Umbilical
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The appendix is found in the _____abdominopelvic region.
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Hypogastric
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The spleen is found in the _____abdominopelvic region.
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Left Hypochondriac
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Define Superior.
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Above; at higher level
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Define Inferior.
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Below; at a lower level
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Define Posterior or Dorsal.
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back; behind
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Define Anterior.
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The front
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Define Ventral.
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The belly side
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Define Caudal.
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the tail
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Define Medial.
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Toward the midsaggital plane
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Define Lateral.
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Away from the midsaggital plane
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Define Proximal.
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Toward an attached base
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Define Distal.
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Away from attached base
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Define Superficial.
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Near the body surface
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Define Deep.
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Farther from body surface
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Define Transverse Plane.
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A horizontal section separates the body into superior and inferior portions.
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Define Frontal or Coronal Plane.
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Section that separates the body into anterior and posterior sections.
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Define Sagittal Plane.
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Section that separates the body into equal right and left portions.
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Define Midsagittal Plane.
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Section that separates the body into right and left sides.
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What is the purpose of the Ventral Body Cavity?
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provides protection; allows organ movement; lining prevents friction
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What two major Cavities are located within the Ventral Body Cavity?
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Thoracic and Abdominopelvic
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What cavities are located within the Thoracic Cavity?
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Right and Left Pleural Cavities, Mediastinum, Pericardial Cavity
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What cavities are located within the Abdominopelvic Cavity?
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Abdominal and Pelvic
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What can be found in the Mediastinum Cavity?
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Trachea, Esophagus, and major vessels
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What can be found in the Pericardial Cavity?
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The heart
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What can be found in the Pleural Cavities?
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Right and Left lungs
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What can be found in the Abdominal Cavity?
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Digestive glands and organs
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What can be found in the Pelvic Cavity?
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Urinary Bladder, Reproductive Organs, last portion of Digestive Tract
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Define Diaphragm.
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a flat, muscular sheet that divides the ventral body cavity into superior thoracic cavity and inferior abdominopelvic cavity.
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The portion of a serous membrane that covers an internal organ
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Visceral Layer
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The portion of serous membrane that lines a body cavity
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Parietal Layer
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What is a receptor?
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a sensor that is sensitive to an environmental change
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What is a control center?
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receives and processes information supplied by receptors, then sends commands to effector cell or organ
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What is an effector?
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a cell or organ that responds to the control center, opposes or enhances stimulus
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Name the 4 tissue types found in the body.
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Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Neural
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What is the function of epithelial tissue?
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Provide physical protection, Control permeability, Provide sensation, Produce Specialized Secretions
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Which part of epithelial tissue moves material over the cell's surface?
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Cilia
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Which surface of an epithelial cell contacts the lumen (passageway)?
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Apical surface
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List the 3 most common types of cell junctions.
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Occluding (tight), gap, desmosomes
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Which junction is characterized by having channel proteins?
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Gap Junctions
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Which junction attaches the cell to the basal lamina?
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Hemidesmosome
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Which cell junction allows fluid to pass between the cells?
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Gap Junctions
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Name 3 epithelial cell shapes.
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Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar
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Define simple epithelium.
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One layer of cells covers the basal lamina.
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Define stratified epithelium.
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Several layers of cells cover the basal lamina.
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Describe the appearance of squamous epithelium.
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thin, flat, irregular shape
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Describe the appearance of cuboidal epithelium.
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hexagonal boxes
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Describe the appearance of columnar epithelium.
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column-like, rectangular
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What is the function of Simple Squamous Epithelium?
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Reduces friction; controls vessel permeability; performs absorption and secretion
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What is the function of Stratified Squamous Epithelium?
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Protection from abrasion, pathogens, chemical attack
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What is the function of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium?
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Limited protection; secretion; absorption
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What is the function of Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium?
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Protection; secretion; absorption
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What is the function of Simple Columnar Epithelium?
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Protection; secretion; absorption
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What is the function of Stratified Columnar Epithelium?
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Protection
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What is the function of Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium?
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Protection; secretion
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Where is simple squamous epithelium found?
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linings of body cavities; endothelia lining heart; blood vessels; inner lining of cornea; alveoli of lungs
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Where is stratified squamous epithelium found?
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surface of skin; lining of mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, and vagina
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Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?
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Glands; ducts; portions of kidney tubules; thyroid gland
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Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found?
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linings of some ducts (rare)
as in sweat gland ducts |
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Where is simple columnar epithelium found?
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lining of stomach, intestine, gallblader, uterine tubes, and collection ducts of kidneys
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Where is stratified columnar epithelium found?
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small areas of pharynx, epiglottis, anus, mammary gland, salivary gland ducts, and urethra
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Describe transitional epithelium.
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tolerates stretching and recoiling; has multilayered appearance
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Where is transitional epithelium found?
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urinary bladder; renal pelvis; ureters
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What is the fuction of transitional epithelium?
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permits expansion and recoil after stretching
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Which type of tissue forms the endothelium of a blood vessel?
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Simple squamous epithelium
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Which type of epithelium is found in most of the gut?
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Simple columnar epithelium
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Which type of glands/ cells discharge their contents onto the epithelial surface?
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exocrine and goblet cells
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What is the only unicellular exocrine gland in the human body?
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goblet cell
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Which method of secretion lose cytoplasm as well as secretory product?
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apocrine
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Which type of secretion contains watery fluid and enzymes?
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Serous
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Define endocrine gland.
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produces secretions, called hormones, released directly into interstatial fluid and bloodstream
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Define exocrine gland.
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discharges secretions onto epithelial surface through tubular ducts
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List 3 modes of secretion.
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Merocrine, apocrine, holocrine
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Describe merocrine secretion.
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product is released from secretory vesicles by exocytosis
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Describe apocrine secretion.
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product, as well as some cytoplasm, is released
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Describe holocrine secretion.
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product is released and the gland cell is destroyed in the process
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List 3 types of secretions produced by exocrine glands.
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Serous, mucous, mixed (serous and mucous)
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What are the functions of connective tissue?
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Protect delicate organs, Defend the body, Support
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What are the 3 classifications of connective tissues?
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Connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue, supporting connective tissue
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Name two subcategories of Connective Tissue Proper and give examples.
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Loose Connective tissues- adipose tissue, or fat
Dense Connective tissues- tendons |
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Name 2 fluid connective tissues.
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blood and lymph
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Name 2 types of Supporting Connective tissues.
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cartilage and bone
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Which cells are responsible for secreting histamine and heparin?
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Mast cells
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What kind of cell is responsible for replacing damaged cells?
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Mesenchymal cell (stem cell)
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Which type of cell is responsible for producing proteins that assemble to form large, extracellular fibers?
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Fibroblast
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Which type of fiber has strength in one direction?
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Collagen Fiber
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Name 3 types of Loose Connective Tissues.
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areolar, adipose, reticular
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Which connective tissue is found in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, kidneys, and bone marrow?
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Reticular Connective Tissue
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Which connective tissue makes up tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses?
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Dense Regular Connective Tissue
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Which type of fluid connective tissue is monitored by the immune system?
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Lymph
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Lymph is a fluid connective tissue collected from _____.
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Interstitial fluid
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What are the characteristics of cartilage?
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cells called chondrocytes, a membrane called a perichondrium, a gel-like matrix derived from chondroitin sulfate
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Name 3 types of cartilage.
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hyaline, elastic, fibrous
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Which type of cartilage is found in all synovial joints of the body?
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hyaline
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What are the characteristics of bone?
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cells called osteocytes, a blood supply, arranged in little chambers called lacunae
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Name 3 types of serous membranes.
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Pleura, Pericardium, Peritoneum
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What lies in the subcutaneous layer under the skin?
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Superficial fascia
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Which fascia is found surrounding tendons and ligaments?
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Deep fascia
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Which type of muscle tissue is voluntary?
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skeletal muscle
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Which type of muscle tissue is nonstriated?
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Smooth muscle
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Which type of muscle tissue has intercalated discs?
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Cardiac muscle
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What type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs?
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Smooth muscle
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98% of neural tissue is found in these two areas...
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Brain and Spinal Cord
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Which part of a neuron propagates the electrical signal to another cell?
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Axon
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What are the functions of neural tissue?
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Conducting electrical impulses, Sensing the internal and external environment, Processing information and controlling responses
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What are the signs of inflammation?
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Redness, Swelling, Heat
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Which stage of inflammation is responsible for the redness and heat?
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Dilation of blood vessels
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What is responsible for the dilation of blood vessels during the inflammatory response?
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Mast Cells releasing histamine and heparine
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Which tissues have a difficult time regenerating?
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Cardiac and neural
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Name 3 effects of aging on the tissues?
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Decreased mental function, Joint pain, Bone brittleness
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The layer of skin that is considered to be avascular is:
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Epidermis
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The functions of the skin include:
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Storage of lipids, Production of Keratin, Excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes, Protection of underlying tissues
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Which part of skin is responsible for fingerprints?
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Epidermal ridges
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The two major components of the integumentary system are:
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The cutaneous membrane and the accessory structures
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The orange-yellow pigment that normally accumulates in epidermal cells is referred to as:
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Carotene
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A condition where individuals lose their melanocytes is referred to as:
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Vitiligo
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Another name for Vitamin D3 is:
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Cholecalciferol
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Rickets is caused by the lack of:
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Vitamin D3
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Epidermal growth factor has many functions:
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Promotes division of germinative cells in the stratum germinativum and stratum spinosum, Accelerates the production of Keratin, Stimulates synthetic activity and secretion by epithelial glands
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The hormone used for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus by the small intestine is:
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Calcitriol
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The two major components of the dermis are the:
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Papillary layer and reticular layer
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The cutaneous plexus and papillary plexus consist of:
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A network of arteries providing the dermal blood supply
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Lines of Cleavage are characterized as:
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Collagen and elastic fibers arranged in parallel bundles
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The tissue that is responsible for stabilizing the position of the skin in relation to underlying tissues is:
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Hypodermis
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The portion of hair that is covered by a dense connective sheath is referred to as:
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Hair papilla
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The accessory structures of the integument include the:
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Hair follicles, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands
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The accessory structure responsible for "goose bumps" is:
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Arrector Pili
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The part that is mainly responsible for producing the hair structure is referred to as:
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Hair bulb
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The type of hair that is found in eyebrows, eyelashes, and the head is:
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Terminal
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The type of gland that is discharges its contents directly into the hair follicle is:
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Sebaceous glands
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The type of gland that is found in large numbers in the palms and soles is:
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Merocrine
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The type of gland that is found in the eardrum is:
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Ceruminous
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The part of the nail root, which extends over the exposed nail is referred to as :
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Eponychium
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The pale crescent found at the base of the nail is:
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Lunula
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The type of cells that produce scar tissue are called:
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Fibroblasts
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The type of burn that only affects the epithelial surface and parts of the dermis is:
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Second degree
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Erythema is described as:
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Redness of the skin
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Which term is used to describe the combination of fibrin clots, fibroblasts, and the extensive network of capillaries in healing tissue?
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Granulation tissue
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Why does hair turn white or gray with age?
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Decrease in Melanocyte activity
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When Langerhan cells decrease with age, it results in:
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A decrease in sensitivity of the immune system
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Why is skin important to muscular system activity?
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Synthesizes vitamin D3, essential for normal calcium absorption
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The effects of aging has several characteristics:
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Decrease in Melanocyte activity, Decrease in hormone activity, Decrease in Langerhan cells
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