Fine Arts - Chapter 5

Front 1

The earliest paintings known to mankind are ____ _________ located in ______, ______, and ____

Back 1

cave paintings; Africa, Europe, and Asia

Front 2

The first civilizations to create art forms were in _____, located in ___________

Back 2

Sumer; Mesopotamia

Front 3

The Sumerians invented _______, created __________ __ _____, and made _________ _______ ___________

Back 3

writing; sculptures of stone; beautiful musical instruments

Front 4

Western art was the first style of art depicting the _____ ____

Back 4

human form

Front 5

The second greatest civilization was _______ _____

Back 5

Ancient Egypt

Front 6

These early cultures of Mesopotamia and Egypt influenced later ones around _____________ ___, ______, and the ______ ______

Back 6

Mediterranean Sea, Europe, and the United States

Front 7

The art of these later cultures is what we called Western art because it developed in _______ ______

Back 7

Western Europe

Front 8

At the caves at Lascaux, the earliest paintings date from around ______ __

Back 8

15,000 BC

Front 9

The __________ _________ __ _______ at Lascaux are very unusual

Back 9

polychrome paintings of animals

Front 10

At the caves at Lascaux, colors were made from _______ _____ ____ (red, yellow, brown, violet) and ________ (____) from the _____ used in the caves

Back 10

lampblack (soot); lamps

Front 11

________, not ancient cave paintings may be the oldest forms of art

Back 11

Carvings

Front 12

Carvings of ______ _______ have been discovered in many places in Europe and Western Asia

Back 12

female figures

Front 13

Roman goddess of love. A generic name given to many female figures in art

Back 13

Venus:

Front 14

The Austrian village near the place of discovery in 1908

Back 14

Willendorf

Front 15

Venus of Willendorf is _ __ inches tall and _____ years old

Back 15

4 3/8; 25,000

Front 16

The Venus of Willendorf figure suggests ________ _________ and a _________ ______ __ ____

Back 16

abundant fertility and a plentiful supply of food

Front 17

People lived in simple structures of _____, ___-_____, and even _____. Protection of enmities was often provided by _____ around the settlement

Back 17

grass, mud-bricks, and even stone; walls

Front 18

A town of mud-brick in southern Israel, that dates back from 8000 BC (world's oldest city)

Back 18

Jericho

Front 19

Stonehenge was constructed about ____-____ __

Back 19

3000-2000 BC

Front 20

round grouping

Back 20

cromlech

Front 21

Stonehenge was a round grouping or cromlech of gigantic stones, some weighing _____ ____ and were dragged for more than 20 miles to be trimmed and stood on end

Back 21

fifty tons

Front 22

horizontal elements

Back 22

lintels

Front 23

The lintels, or horizontal elements, were curved slightly to fit the ________ ____

Back 23

circular plan

Front 24

Apparently a ritual site, Stonehenge was constructed to indicate the _________ and ________ of the calendar year, and probably the times for ________, _______, and _________ __________

Back 24

solstices and equinoxes; planting, harvest, and religious ceremonies

Front 25

It is unknown who built Stonehenge, but the ______ people probably added to it around 2000 BC

Back 25

beaker

Front 26

___________ has flat and fertile land which lay between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers

Back 26

Mesopotamia

Front 27

_________ dominated Mesopotamia for over 1000 years

Back 27

Sumerians

Front 28

The Sumerians constructed huge mountains of earth faced with mudbrick and sometimes fried brick. These structures were known as _________

Back 28

ziggurats

Front 29

Characteristics of ziggurats:

Back 29

rubble filled inside- solid stepped, 2-7 tiers, used for religious rites, center of the city

Front 30

main room

Back 30

cella

Front 31

________ complexes were designed to make the worshiper go around as many corners as possible before reaching the cella, or main room

Back 31

Ziggurat

Front 32

Mesopotamia sculpture has the following characteristics:

Back 32

- Mostly represent gods
- Made of clay, wood, some stones, shells, metals
- Large eyes- believed they were the windows to the soul
- Based on the cylinder and cone
- Expressionless
- No articulation
- Frontal

Front 33

Mesopotamia had good ____ ____

Back 33

gold work

Front 34

___ ______ _________ developed in Mesopotamia culture

Back 34

Bas relief sculpture

Front 35

Egyptian art and architecture reflect a strong belief on the _________ as well as the illustration of mighty power of the ______

Back 35

afterlife; rulers

Front 36

From the earliest times, Egyptian ____________ were honored and their products admired

Back 36

craftspeople

Front 37

__________ ________ allows Egyptian art and culture to remain constant for several thousand years

Back 37

Geographic isolation

Front 38

Strongly held belief in afterlife helps _________ ______ __ ___ ___ _____

Back 38

stimulate growth of all art forms

Front 39

_______ evolves as elaborate tomb for Pharaohs

Back 39

Pyramid

Front 40

The first pyramids were constructed as successors to the low rectangular tombs, called _______, built for the Pre-Dynastic kings

Back 40

mastabas

Front 41

_______ , who is the first artist in history whose name is known, built a solid stone structure of six huge steps rising over twenty stories in the desert air

Back 41

Imhotep

Front 42

solid stone structure of six huge steps rising over twenty stories in the desert air

Back 42

step pyramid

Front 43

Pyramid building reached a climax in the ______ _______ when the three Great Pyramids at Giza were constructed

Back 43

Fourth Dynasty

Front 44

Some stones weighed over __ ____. Required tremendous organization and planning

Back 44

40 tons

Front 45

Pyramids cover __ acres

Back 45

13

Front 46

Many pyramids surround the _____ _____ ________

Back 46

three Great Pyramids

Front 47

The Great Pyramids were all guarded by the _____ _____, a figure 240 feet in length, carved from rocky ledge. Had a body of a ____ and head of _______, it sat with great majesty for centuries, but was later damaged by vandalism and the sandblasting winds of the Sahara.

Back 47

Great Sphinx; lion; Chefren

Front 48

The ______ ________ are located right at the heart of the pyramids

Back 48

burial chambers

Front 49

The walls were covered with _______ ______ __________ showing various activities of the persons buried there

Back 49

painted relief sculptures

Front 50

Three types of statues unearthed in and near the Great Pyramids:

Back 50

standing, seated, and sitting on the floor

Front 51

Statutes are often _______, figures are facing and looking straight ahead and are stylized

Back 51

frontal

Front 52

The princes of ______ finally grew powerful enough to establish a comparatively peaceful rule that lasted for two dynasties

Back 52

Thebes

Front 53

Architecture shifted from pyramids to the constructing of ________ _______

Back 53

funerary temples

Front 54

The temples were designed to hold _______ of the rulers and were constructed so that part was cut into the cliff and part was built outside

Back 54

mummies

Front 55

Art continued to flourish in the Middle Kingdom, with ____________ still holding an honored position in society

Back 55

craftspeople

Front 56

Craftspeople carved wood into _______, _____, _______, and _____ _____

Back 56

figures, boats, weapons, and other items

Front 57

The carvings were painted to create an ________ __ _______

Back 57

illusion of reality

Front 58

After the Middle Kingdom (___ ______ ____________ ______), Egypt was invaded and ruled by outsiders for ___ ______

Back 58

The Second Intermediate Period; 150 years

Front 59

The outsiders introduced things such as the _____, ________, ______, and _______ __ ___

Back 59

horse, chariots, wheels, and weapons of war

Front 60

About 1567 BC, the princes of Thebes overthrew these invaders and established the ___ _______

Back 60

New Kingdom

Front 61

The New Kingdom (began the 18th dynasty) was a ______ ___ in Egypt's history

Back 61

golden age

Front 62

Not only did the kingdom flourish, but artists and architects grew in _____ and ________ __________

Back 62

skill and creative expression

Front 63

One of the outstanding architectural works to survive is the ________ ______ __ _____ __________

Back 63

funerary temple of Queen Hatshepsut

Front 64

During the 18th Dynasty, temples were created specifically for the _______ __ ____ and the ____ __ ______

Back 64

worship of gods and the homes of priests

Front 65

Among the greatest was the ______ __ ____ __ ______

Back 65

Temple of Amun at Karnak

Front 66

The Temple of Amun at Karnak is a huge complex of buildings including ______, or entrance ways, courtyards, a hypostyle hall and minor halls, chambers, and passages

Back 66

pylons

Front 67

The _________ ____ was the most dramatic structure, consisting of 125 columns that created forest-like feeling

Back 67

hypostyle hall

Front 68

Many huge _______ and _________ were rebuilt during the New Kingdom, but other arts also flourished

Back 68

temples and complexes

Front 69

The __________ _______ is a painted papyrus that reveals some important characteristics of Egyptian art in all ages

Back 69

Greenfield Papyrus

Front 70

The Greenfield Papyrus drawing is _________ and ___________ ____

Back 70

sensitive and beautifully done

Front 71

layers

Back 71

registers

Front 72

The figures are placed in registers (layers) and many of the gods are in the form of _______

Back 72

animals

Front 73

___________ ___________ is also used in the Greenfield Papyrus drawing. This means that the more important figures are shown larger than the less important ones

Back 73

Descriptive perspective

Front 74

The careful design of placement and design of figures to fill almost all available space is also ______________ of Egyptian painting and wall sculpture

Back 74

characteristics

Front 75

___________ characterizes most of Egypt's art. However, during the 18th dynasty, (reign of Akhenaton) _______ became dominant

Back 75

Stylization; realism

Front 76

Akhenaton's successor was ___________

Back 76

Tutankhamen

Front 77

King Tut ruled for nine years and is one of Egypt's most famous kings because of:

Back 77

the wealth of art objects found in his tomb

Front 78

With the end of the 18the dynasty, art again returned to ___________ ___________

Back 78

traditional stylization

Front 79

______ __ ruled for 67 years an had a multitude of statues of himself

Back 79

Ramses II

Front 80

His temple at ___ ______ is the most famous. Four figures of Ramses are carved directly out of the standing cliff. The temple itself recedes into the stone wall. Descriptive perspective is used

Back 80

Abi Simbel