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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Types of Religious Art:
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- Early Christian Art
- Byzantine Art - Islamic Faith and Art - Early Medieval Art |
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With the emergence of ____________ in the European continent, there was a change in the kind of art produced
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Christianity
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During the Greek and Roman period before the birth of Christ, art had been realistic. But, the early Christians were more concerned with ________ ______________
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symbolic representation
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When the Christian religion first began it was outlawed in the _____ ______
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Roman Empire
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Christianity eventually became the official religion of the Roman Empire in ___ __
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313 AD
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Before the spread of Christianity, Romans had painted figures and scenes that were _______ and _________
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natural and realistic
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Figures and objects suggest people and events of _________ __________ and realism was not the goal of these artists
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religious importance
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Christian artists first borrowed symbols from the ______ around them
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Romans
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_____ _______ became the symbol for immorality
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Juno's peacock
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The _______ became the symbol for Christ's resurrection
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Phoenix
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The _____ later became the dominant Christian symbol
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cross
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In the fourth century, Christianity gained approval when Emperor ___________ made it the state religion
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Constantine
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Early Christian art was ________
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symbolic
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Earliest surviving art is found on frescoed walls of ________ _______ ____
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catacombs outside Rome
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Acceptance of Christianity as a state religion created a need for new ____________
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architecture
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Large sculptures were not made during the early Christian period, but artists did produce small pieces of _________ _____________
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exquisite craftsmanship
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Artists sculpted ______ _______
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relief carvings
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The _________ _______ was a fine example of the blend of Classical style and Christian beliefs
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Archangel Michael
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In Italy, ____ became the center of Christian activities
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Rome
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The earliest surviving Christian art are frescos that decorate the ceilings and walls of chapels within the _________
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catacombs
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The _____ _________ (civic buildings) seemed to fit the requirement and was ideally suited for Christian worship
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Roman basilicas
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The early Christian basilica was a:
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long brick building with a timber roof
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Connected to the front of the building was an ______ (a courtyard) with a covered walkway around it
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atrium
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The greatest basilica was ___ __ ______ in Rome
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Old St. Peter's
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It was torn down during the ___________ to make way for the current huge basilica of St. Peter's in the Vatican
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Renaissance
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The inside of most Christian basilicas were highly decorated, which symbolized the ________ __ ______
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richness of spirit
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_______, ____ _______ _____, ______ _______, and _______ _______ are all items that can be found inside
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Mosaics, gold covered walls, marble designs, and granite columns
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The exteriors were _____ _____
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plain brick
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Little _________ was produced in the early Christian Church, and much of it has been destroyed
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sculpture
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___ ____ ________ is a freestanding sculpture in the Roman style and it was one of the last Christian works that adheres to naturalism rather than stressing the symbolic nature of its subject
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The Good Shepherd
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The _______ __ _______ is an example of metalwork
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Chalice of Antioch
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The carved and footed shell has a figure of ______ depicted on each side
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Christ
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The eagle on one side and the rosettes at the top are signs of ___________
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immortality
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After the death of Constantine in 337, the Roman Empire was split into _______ and _______ _______
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Eastern and Western Empires
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The ____ went into a steady decline and Rome lost its power
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West
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The _______ ______ gained great political strength
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Eastern Empire
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In 527, Justinian ascended the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire, otherwise known as the _________ ______
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Byzantine Empire
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Justinian's reign began the "______ ___" of Byzantine culture and art
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Golden Age
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Under Justinian's reign, a number of important and beautiful ______ ________ were constructed
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church buildings
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Many of the Churches are plain brick on the outside and look rather ordinary, however the insides are encrusted with brilliant Byzantine _______
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mosaics
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Artists of the early Christian and Byzantine churches conveyed their message of salvation through _______
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mosaics
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Roman mosaics had been of polished, colored stone, but Byzantine mosaics were made of ________ _______ _____ (tesserae) pressed into wet plaster
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brightly colored glass
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_____ increased the color range of the mosaics and could be made to reflect the light
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Glass
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The pieces of glass were set at a slight angle to the surface to create a _________ ______
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simmering effect
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The background of gold glass tesserae in the Justinian symbolizes the ________ and __________ of heaven and eliminates any specific spatial reference
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holiness and perfection
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Under the reign of Justinian, the large basilica called _____ ______ (Church of the Holy Wisdom) was built in Constantinople
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Hagia Sophia
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Hagia Sophia is a monumental structure of completely original design and was created by ___ architects
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two
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The unique design combines a long open space (like a basilica) and a __________ ____
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centralize dome
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The structural challenge was to place a huge round dome on square supporting walls. Four concave spherical triangles, called __________, are supported by four piers. These units form four arches on the walls and create a continuous circle at their top edge, one which the dome rests
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pendentives
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The ___________ provide a graceful transition from square base to round dome
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pendentives
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___________ and ____ ____________ became a characteristic construction technique of later Byzantine churches, Renaissance domed buildings, and domed structures in America and the rest of the world
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Pendentives and dome construction
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This mammoth work, Hagia Sophia, was completed in less than ___ years
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six
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The church was the largest ________ _____ in the world at the time
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interior space
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Originally, the interior walls were completely covered with Byzantine mosaics until the _______ converted the church to a mosque and scraped the mosaics from the walls covering them with plaster
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Moslems
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Today, Hagia Sophia is not used for worship, but is a huge ______ of Byzantine art
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museum
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After 726 the ____________ ___________ disrupted the growth of the Byzantine culture and caused a split in the church
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Iconoclastic Controversy
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One one side were the ___________ (a person who criticized or opposes beliefs that are widely accepted), who wanted to destroy religious images, or icons and on the other side of the controversy were those who wanted to keep images in the church
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iconoclasts
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In 843 the Byzantine Renaissance, otherwise known as the ______ ______ ___, began
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Second Golden Age
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No Byzantine structure rivaled _____ ______ in any way, although smaller churches used many of the features developed in its construction
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Hagia Sophia
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The plan of an eastern European church usually was of a _____ _____ (four arms in equal length) contained in a square
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Greek cross
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The ____ (the semicircular area at the front of the central section of the church, usually contains the altar) was in one of the arms
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apse
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The largest and most lavishly decorated church of the Second Golden Age is:
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St. Marks's in Venice
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The church was built in 1063 and built to hold the body of St. Mark, brought from __________
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Alexandria
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St. Mark's has the typical Greek cross plan, but in addition to the usual central dome, each arm has a ____ of its own
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dome
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The exterior has many mosaics and 2643 colored marble columns brought from Constantinople by _________
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Crusaders
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The interior is completely covered with brilliant mosaics of both _________ and ________ _____
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Byzantine and Venetian glass
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Byzantine architecture spread over Eastern Europe and into the center of ______
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Russia
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The Byzantine excelled with Mosaics and also had a very strong tradition of ________
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painting
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Most paintings were _____ (religious images) painted on wooden panels
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icons
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_____ were used as worship centers in homes
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Icons
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Byzantine painting was ________ and _________
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colorful and emotional
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Artists used ___ _______ as their medium
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egg tempera
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Many figures were painted against a brilliant ____ __________
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gold background
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The _________ _______ ___ _____ is typical of the Byzantine style of work. Meaning and emotion take precedence over the depiction of reality
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Enthroned Madonna and Child
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The __________ ________ displays a series of saints with Christ enthroned at the top center between St. John and the Virgin
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Harbaville Triptych
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The ________ (three hinged pieces) is an example of portable nature of many works of Byzantine Art
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Triptych
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Byzantine art and it's style became known throughout ______
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Europe
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_____ refers to both the religions of the Moslems and the nations that follow the religion
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Islam
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Islam began in ______ in the seventh century and swept across the Near East and the Southern Mediterranean rapidly
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Arabia
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Islam created a civilization that rivaled Christianity and had a far ranging influence in ________ ______
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Medieval Europe
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The Moslem religion prohibited the use of human figures in religious art, therefore, artists developed elaborate _________ and ________ _______
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geometric and abstract designs
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The term arabesque which means "__ ___ ____ _____," was coined to describe their complex designs
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in the Arab style
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Islamic architecture, like Western architecture, used ______, _______, and ______
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arches, columns, and vaults
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They created a unique style and richly decorated their buildings with ______ _______
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stucco reliefs
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Islam also developed Arabic numerals and led the way in __________, __________, _______, and ________
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government, philosophy, science, and medicine
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Some of the most splendid Moslem architecture was built in _____
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Spain
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The ________ ______ in Granada is an outstanding example of Islamic arch construction
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Alhambra Palace
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The ________ is a sprawling place with royal residential quarters, court complexes and offices, a bath, and a mosque
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Alhambra
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The most famous of the Alhambra are the __________, which are surrounded by slender columns with decorated arches
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courtyards
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The Islamic architectural heritage is especially evident in places of worship, called _______
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mosques
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Islamic architects also made old Christian churches and basilicas into _______
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mosques
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Moslems from many countries built ___ ____ __ ___ ____ in Jerusalem
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The Dome of the Rock
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The site marks the place where ________ was said to have left this earth
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Mohammed
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The Dome of the Rock is the oldest Islamic monument and has an ________ ____
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octagonal base
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Many columns inside support the ______ ____
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golden dome
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The building is _________ in its rotunda form and was designed for this one particular spot
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Byzantine
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The exterior of bathe mosque is covered with rightly glazed _______ ____. Originally it contained mosaics of Byzantine glass
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ceramic tile
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The earliest, huge Moslem building for congregational purposes is ___ _____ ______ __ ________
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The Great Mosque of Damascus
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It made use of existing _________ and _____ __________
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Christian and Roman structures
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The existing square towers were turned into the first Moslem ________ (a tall, slender tower attached to a mosque)
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minarets
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The Great Mosque at Damascus still contains some of the ________ ______ _________
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original mosaic decoration
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Islamic artists greatly advanced the art of ____ ___________
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book illustration
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Islamic decorative style featured elaborate geometric designs and complex patterns of intertwining _____ and ______
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lines and shapes
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Laila and Majnun is an example of a ________ (small picture) from a manus iron which illustrated a romantic poem
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miniature
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The ______ ___ is a period that spans over 1000 years
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middle age
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The first half of the medieval era was a time of _______ and ______
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turmoil and change
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During the _________ ______, when European tribes moved through Europe to look for permanent homes, few paintings or large buildings were produced
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migration period
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Tribes needed to carry their art and treasures with them, therefore artwork was entirely confined to ________ _______ such as ornaments, weapons, and objects for daily use
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portable objects
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__________ ____________ (colored illustrations, often containing gold and silver) became an important art form. Not only could books be easily carried, they were of great use to missionaries
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Manuscript illumination
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Christian ____________ tried to establish the authority of the church among the wondering tribes and bring stability
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missionaries
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Illuminated manuscripts were drawn by _____ in secluded monasteries throughout Europe
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monks
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Artists of the early period were influenced by Christian art of the _____________, but they were also fascinated with the tribal tradition of geometric motifs and interlaced designs of letters, flowers, and animals
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Mediterranean
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Monks in secluded monasteries spent their lifetimes illustrating pages of scripture with _________ _______, _________ _______, and ________ ______
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fantastic animals, intricate designs, and infinite detail
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For these artists, ornamentation represented everything that was ____ and _________
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rich and beautiful
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(a fine parchment paper made from calfskin)
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vellum
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The ___________ ______ ____ is a volume of many vellum pages and was illustrated in Christianized Great Britain
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Lindisfarne Gospel Book
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Artists of the barbaric tribes crafted ______ _________ for example, pins used of fasten garments were often inlaid with precious or semiprecious stones
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ornate metalwork
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A powerful ruler probably once owned the _____ _____
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Purse Cover
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___________, the Frankish King and the emperor of the West, brought a period of stability to the north
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Charlemagne
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Under his direction, the ________ ______ was built in Aachen, Germany
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Palatine Chapel
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It is one of the greatest surviving monuments of the ___________ ___
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Carolingian era
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Symbolizes the _________ and _________ _____ of Charlemagne
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religious and political power
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The chapel is shaped like an _______ and is ___ ____ high inside
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octagon and is 105ft
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The inner dome was originally covered with _______
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mosaics
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The chapel still holds the remains of ___________
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Charlemagne
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Under Charlemagne's rule, monasteries were contributed to preserve the ________ __ ___ ____
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learning of the past
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Monks spent their lives:
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copying scripture and other important writings from the past
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The art of ____________ _______ was very active during the Carolingian era
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illumination writing
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