Fine Arts: Chapter 8

Front 1

The eleventh century began the period of medieval art called __________

Back 1

Romanesque

Front 2

At this time, ____________ was triumphing in Europe and the church was gaining tremendous power

Back 2

Christianity

Front 3

The crusades were initiated to take back the Holy Land from Moslems and as a result many people moved back and forth across great land areas, creating an exchange of _____ and ________ ______

Back 3

ideas and artistic styles

Front 4

Romanesque art had influences from _______ ____, _____ _________ and _________ _____

Back 4

Ancient Rome, Early Christian and Byzantine times

Front 5

Churches and their decorations were the primary means of __________ for artists and builders

Back 5

employment

Front 6

The name Romanesque was coined in the __ _______ to cover all art from Roman times until the Gothic period

Back 6

19th century

Front 7

Contributors to the Growth and Development of Romanesque Art:

Back 7

◦ Threat of Islam had waned
◦ The barbarian raids from the north had subsided
◦ The eastern tribes were held in check
◦ Christianity was triumphing everywhere in Europe

Front 8

Along came ________, a bloody movement organized to liberate the Holy Land from the Moslems and recaptured it for Christendom

Back 8

crusades

Front 9

The crusades moved huge numbers of people back across Europe and resulted in a _____ _______ __ ________ and _____

Back 9

great mingling of cultures and ideas

Front 10

We now encounter a period of art and architecture when certain traits, or characteristic features, appear throughout what we today call ______

Back 10

Europe

Front 11

It was the movement of ______ and _______ and the influence of the Church that provided the opportunity for artistic ideas and innovations to travel great distances

Back 11

people and artists

Front 12

________ _________ were undertaken everywhere

Back 12

Building campaigns

Front 13

Major efforts were directed toward ____________ ________ and _______ _________ to decorate them

Back 13

constructing churches and carving sculpture

Front 14

They are scattered all over Western Europe but most are in ______, _______, and _____

Back 14

France, Germany, and Italy

Front 15

The churches were built of carefully cut _____ _____, which varied in color and texture from place to place

Back 15

local stone

Front 16

The entrances were usually at the ____ ___

Back 16

west end

Front 17

The _________, or the place where nave (the central section of the church) and transept intersect, are often topped with towers, or domes with lanterns

Back 17

crossings

Front 18

These intersecting spaces produced the shape of a _____ _____ with one arm longer than the other three

Back 18

Latin cross

Front 19

____________, or walkways, were built around the apse to allow for large processions

Back 19

Ambulatories

Front 20

Often _____ _______ were added to the outside of these ambulatories to hold relics of saints brought back in the Crusades

Back 20

small chapels

Front 21

The wooden roofs of previous ages were replaced by _______ ______ ______

Back 21

masonry barrel vaults

Front 22

The vaults eliminated the danger of fire and produced better _________

Back 22

acoustics

Front 23

________ ______ could never attain great height because the problem of weight and trust was simply too difficult to overcome with existing engineering skills

Back 23

Interior spaces

Front 24

_______ were kept small so as not to weaken the walls, therefore the interiors were quite dark and had a rather heavy feeling

Back 24

Windows

Front 25

_____ ______, also a Roman feature, were used over windows and over niches that contained sculpture

Back 25

Round arches

Front 26

The apse area in the churches was greatly enlarged and included a _____, a raised area for the singing clergy

Back 26

choir

Front 27

When a monastery accompanied a church, the complex of buildings was called an _____

Back 27

abbey

Front 28

A _________, or open courtyard, with an arcades ambulatory usually connected the church with the living quarters of the monks

Back 28

cloister

Front 29

The home church for the Bishop always contained a special _____ or ______ for him

Back 29

chair or throne

Front 30

The chair was called a ________. It is from this term that the word _________ is derived

Back 30

cathedra; cathedral

Front 31

_____ _________ typifies Romanesque architecture in Germany

Back 31

Worms cathedral

Front 32

Notre-Dame-la-Grande is located in _______, ______

Back 32

Poitiers, France

Front 33

Notre-Dame-la-Grande is a ___ and ____ church

Back 33

low and wide

Front 34

The barrel-vaulted interior has _____ _______, and is heavy and dark

Back 34

small windows

Front 35

The west facade contains ________ large sculpted figures in niches formed by round arches and stumpy columns

Back 35

fourteen

Front 36

Directly above the entrance is a frieze of many figures illustrating scenes from the ____ __ ______

Back 36

life of Christ

Front 37

The _______, above the taller columns bunched at the corners, were added at a later time and do not seem to belong to the rest of the church

Back 37

helmets

Front 38

Notre-Dame-la-Grande is smaller than many others of the time and only has one ______, or _____ ________

Back 38

portal, or grand entrance

Front 39

Italian Romanesque architecture was ________, ____ ________, and ______ _________

Back 39

brighter, more colorful and highly decorated

Front 40

The grandest in central Italy is the complex at ____, made up of the cathedral, the baptistery, and the _________, or bell tower

Back 40

Pisa; campanile

Front 41

The cathedral is built on a _____ _____ ____ with an apse at each end of the transept and a pointed dome crowning the crossing

Back 41

Latin cross plan

Front 42

The interior has been strongly influenced by early Christian basilicas, with ____ __ _______ and a ______ ____

Back 42

rows of columns and a wooden roof

Front 43

All are made of _____ ______

Back 43

white marble

Front 44

The campanile, the famous _______ _____, started leaning during early construction and efforts were made, unsuccessfully, to straighten it

Back 44

Leaning Tower

Front 45

________ causes further tilting each year

Back 45

Settling

Front 46

The baptistery is a ____________ building that was completed in the late 13th century

Back 46

freestanding

Front 47

Sculpture during the Romanesque period was primarily _____ in scale and attached to architecture

Back 47

large

Front 48

It was expressive in ______ and placed an emphasis on evoking an _________ ________ to the viewer

Back 48

nature; emotional response

Front 49

The _____ ______ __ _____ _______ at _______ provides an outstanding example of Romanesque sculpture

Back 49

Abbey Church of Saint Pierre at Moissac

Front 50

On the central support of the south portal are interlaced _____ and __________. Such intertwined animals reflect barbaric influences as well as the style of Islamic art

Back 50

lions and lionesses

Front 51

Another landmark of Romanesque sculpture is on the tympanum of the church of __ ______

Back 51

St. Lazare

Front 52

It is a carving of ___ ____ _________, the moment at the end if the world when Christians believe all humankind will rise from the dead

Back 52

The Last Judgement

Front 53

The _______ also has a feature that rarely is encountered in medieval art

Back 53

tympanum

Front 54

It is one of the earliest surviving figurative sculptures that is signed by the artist who sculpted it, ___________

Back 54

Gislebertus

Front 55

________ took on added importance during the Romanesque period as the fresco gained in popularity

Back 55

Painting

Front 56

_______ were used to decorate interior spaces especially in Spain and Italy

Back 56

Frescos

Front 57

Churches in the _____ did not have frescos because the interiors were too dark and the weather was too damp to use the fresco technique effectively

Back 57

north

Front 58

______ and _____ ________ was painted by an unknown artist in a small church in Spain

Back 58

Virgin and Child Enthroned

Front 59

One of the most historic events that occurred during the Romanesque period was the ______ __ ________

Back 59

Battle of Hastings

Front 60

It inspired the creation of a famous work in _____

Back 60

fabric

Front 61

The wool embroidered frieze, which is 230ft long and 20 inches high, decorated the ______ _________

Back 61

Bayeux Cathedral

Front 62

The __ and __ centuries saw a massive shift in the population of Europe

Back 62

12th and 13th

Front 63

People moved from ___________ into _____, which grew in size to become cities and cathedrals became the religious, cultural, and social centers of the growing cities

Back 63

countryside into towns

Front 64

It was time for new ideas in the 13th century. From the newly found freedom emerged ______ ___ and, more particularly, ______ ____________

Back 64

Gothic art; Gothic architecture

Front 65

______ was first used as a term of ridicule by Renaissance critics because the style did not conform to the standards of Classical Greece and Rome

Back 65

Gothic

Front 66

_____ is the key word in Gothic architecture

Back 66

Unity

Front 67

Interiors and exteriors belong together and are imitated decorated. For the first time in history, they receive _____ ________

Back 67

equal emphasis

Front 68

The Gothic style of architecture began at the _____ _____ __ _____ _____, outside of Paris, in 1440, when Abbot Suger started to enlarge and redesign his small church to accommodate the many pilgrims who were visiting the chapel

Back 68

royal abbey of Saint Denis

Front 69

Abbot Suger wished to construct a church that was beautiful and his main concern was light because it symbolized the ________ __ ___

Back 69

presence of God

Front 70

Windows now replaced _____

Back 70

walls

Front 71

There is an overall feeling of __________ as master builder tried to make the interiors as high as possible, as if reaching toward heaven

Back 71

verticality

Front 72

______ _______ ______ added stability and strength and allowed huge glass windows

Back 72

Ribbed crossed vaults

Front 73

_______ ______ provided greater height and more open area

Back 73

Pointed arches

Front 74

A Gothic church has at least three (sometimes five) _______

Back 74

portals

Front 75

A huge round window, or ____ ______, often was placed over the main portal or at the ends of the transept

Back 75

rose window

Front 76

The Gothic architectural style spread through northern France and then to _______, _______, and ___ __ ________ ______. Finally, it filtered to Italy where it inspired a tremendous building boom

Back 76

England, Germany, and all of Northern Europe

Front 77

________ _________ is one of the best remaining examples of Gothic construction

Back 77

Chartres Cathedral

Front 78

The basis design is very _______

Back 78

unified

Front 79

Chartres Cathedral incorporated many new ideas such as ______ __________ (flying arches combined with tower buttresses) eliminated the need for heavy, solid Romanesque walls

Back 79

flying buttresses

Front 80

One of the best known Gothic cathedrals is located in a small island in the heart of Paris, _____ ____

Back 80

Notre Dame

Front 81

The inside shows the use of the _______ ____ and ______ ______

Back 81

pointed arch and ribbed vaults

Front 82

The __________ _______ are huge and reach up to the roof, allowing light to flood the vault itself

Back 82

clerestory windows

Front 83

To hold up the massive stone vault, ______ _________ lean against the walls at a point between windows where the vault starts on the inside

Back 83

flying buttresses

Front 84

_____ _________ has an interior arrangement similar to Notre Dame

Back 84

Reims Cathedral

Front 85

An immense _____ takes up about half the length of the building

Back 85

choir

Front 86

The west side of Reims Cathedral is fascinating because solidity and heaviness have been replaced by ________ and _________

Back 86

openings and lightness

Front 87

The towers are not solid at all but are carved stone openings of delicate _______ (ornamental stonework in a decorative pattern with a lace-like effect)

Back 87

tracery

Front 88

The rest of the cathedral is filled with _________: in the portals, over the portals, in other niches, and on platforms

Back 88

sculpture

Front 89

The _________ __ ______ is the largest in Germany

Back 89

Cathedral of Cologne

Front 90

It was built next to the _____ _____ and followed the plain of French cathedrals, which was not popular in Germany

Back 90

Rhine River

Front 91

In Italy Siena Cathedral is a zebra-striped marble church

Back 91

Sienna Cathedral

Front 92

It is elaborate and covered with _______ and _______

Back 92

statues and mosaics

Front 93

Most Italian Gothic churches have little in common with the ______ ______ ____ to the north

Back 93

French Gothic style

Front 94

Artists began to work again with increasingly _______ human, animal, and plant forms

Back 94

natural

Front 95

The earliest existing examples of Gothic sculpture are on the ____ ______ of ________, done about 1150

Back 95

west facade of Chartres

Front 96

The three portals are filled with sculpture on the _________

Back 96

tympanums

Front 97

___ ____ _________ __ ______, located on Chartres Cathsdral, are extremely elongated

Back 97

The Four Ancestors of Christ

Front 98

The statues lack a sense of ________

Back 98

movement

Front 99

The highest Gothic expression in Spain occurred in magnificent ___________

Back 99

altarpieces

Front 100

The __________ were really carved screens that separated the alters from the windows behind them

Back 100

altarpieces

Front 101

The ______ ________ __________ illustrates fifteen events in the life of Christ and are painted in brilliant color

Back 101

Toledo Cathedral altarpiece

Front 102

The techniques of producing glass sheets with brilliant color began during the __________ ______, but they reached their peak in the magnificent windows of a Gothic structure

Back 102

Romanesque period

Front 103

A full scale line drawing (called a _______) was first put on a large board. Then sheets of glass were placed over it and cut according to the lines

Back 103

cartoon

Front 104

Carved stone tracery of ____ ____ were used as supported to hold the entire window flat so that it could be set upright in place

Back 104

iron bars

Front 105

____ and _____ dominated Gothic color schemes, although many other colors were used

Back 105

Red and blues

Front 106

________ is the jolt major Gothic cathedral that retains much of its original stained glass

Back 106

Chartres

Front 107

Because the huge stained glass pictures successfully illustrated the Bible in Northern European cathedrals, _____________ ________ was kept to a minimum

Back 107

architectural painting

Front 108

Some altarpieces were painted, but most French religious paintings were restricted to __________ ____________

Back 108

manuscript illumination

Front 109

- Was seen as one of the most respected painters in Florence
- He was vigorous, dynamic, and experimental when it came to artwork
- His masquerade is a series of frescos that decorate the walls of a small chapel

Back 109

Giotto (1267-1337)

Front 110

- The Byzantine tradition remained a strong influence in his town of Siena
- Known for his large painted altarpiece in the Cathedral of Siena
- Many of his paintings contain part of the Sienese landscape and the city itself

Back 110

Duccio (1278-1319)

Front 111

- He was Duccio's pupil and made a further break with Byzantine tradition
- Picked up some ideas from the French Gothic painters
- Known for the painting Annunciation which is panel painting over ten feet wide

Back 111

Simone Martini (1284-1344)

Front 112

- Greatest Italian painter of International style
- Known for his tempera painting, The Adoration of the Magi
- Took care with natural details

Back 112

Gentile da Fabriano (1370-1427)