Fine Arts - Chapter 6

Front 1

While Egypt and Mesopotamia thrived, along the Aegean emerged two distinct cultures whose rich artistic heritage provided for the foundation of _____ ____________

Back 1

Greek civilization

Front 2

The Greeks themselves developed an unsurpassed standard of beauty based on the _________ _____ ____

Back 2

idealized human form

Front 3

By the 18th century BC, the Romans influenced the ___ and ____________ of the societies that the empire had conquered

Back 3

art and architecture

Front 4

Much of Western culture has its roots in _____ and _____ art

Back 4

Greek and Roman

Front 5

The Greeks strobes for _______ and _____ and placed human beings at the center of their culture

Back 5

harmony and unity

Front 6

The Greeks found human form the ultimate expression of ______ and _______

Back 6

beauty and harmony

Front 7

In the 700s BC, the Romans created an empire which even today stands as a ________ __ ______ ___ _____

Back 7

pinnacle of power and might

Front 8

Influenced by the Greeks, the Romans made some of their greatest contributions on ____________

Back 8

architecture

Front 9

______ and ____ provided the foundation upon which much of the art and architecture of the Western world is built. With every new generation, artists look back to see what lessons they can learn from the ancients

Back 9

Greece and Rome

Front 10

The rich ______ and _________ cultures along the Aegean were forerunners of Ancient Greek civilization

Back 10

Minoan and Mycenaean

Front 11

For a long time both civilizations were considered ____________

Back 11

mythological

Front 12

In the late 19th century these cities and their art were unearthed by ______________

Back 12

archaeologists

Front 13

The _______ were by far the richest of the Aegean civilizations

Back 13

Minoans

Front 14

Located on the island of Crete, the Cretans created _________ ___ __ ____

Back 14

luxurious way of life

Front 15

They had several "______" centers developed

Back 15

palace

Front 16

The most important center was the huge complex as _______, called the ______ __ _____. It contained many rooms, running water, a sewage system, theater, storerooms, terraces, and elaborately decorated interior of the palace

Back 16

Knossos; Palace of Minos

Front 17

Many _______ (plaster wall paintings) decorated the interior of the palace and provided a good idea of how these people lived

Back 17

frescos

Front 18

The __________ were warriors instead of traders. They built citadels (fortress) rather than pleasure palaces

Back 18

Mycenaeans

Front 19

Their hilltop fortresses were surrounded by _____ and _____ ______. The blocks were so large that later Greeks thought they were the work of the ________, a mythical race of one-eyed giants

Back 19

walls and stone blocks; Cyclopes

Front 20

The Minoans and the Mycenaeans appear to have lived very _________ __________ and there is no specific historic reference that ties the two together

Back 20

different lifestyles

Front 21

Both brought a remarkable ________ and _____________ _____ __ ______ to their art

Back 21

vibrancy and extraordinary sense of beauty

Front 22

Characteristics of Minoan Frescos:

Back 22

- Lightness
- Freely shaped forms with a rhythmic quality inspired by the sea
- Vigor and spontaneity

Front 23

_______ and __________ were equally important in Minoan life

Back 23

Comfort and decoration

Front 24

The facades of buildings appear to have been brightly colored and the plaster walls inside were ___, ______, or ____

Back 24

red, yellow, or blue

Front 25

In the more important rooms there were __________ _________ and occasionally _____ _______

Back 25

figurative paintings; stucco reliefs

Front 26

Minoan culture and art was greatly influenced by the ___

Back 26

sea

Front 27

Their _________ was small, and like the frescos, probably decorated the living quarters of merchant rulers

Back 27

sculpture

Front 28

Minoan pottery was often decorated with designs of _____ and ______ ____

Back 28

plant and animal life

Front 29

The outer gateway of the citadel at Mycenae is called ____ ____

Back 29

Lion Gate

Front 30

____ ____ is topped by a huge, triangular-shaped, carved stone slab

Back 30

Lion Gate

Front 31

The Lion Gate uses ___ ________ __________

Back 31

old building technology

Front 32

Depicted on the stone are two majestic standing _____ flanking a Minoan-type column

Back 32

lions

Front 33

The ______ ____ were found in a grave located in Laconia. They are some of the most famous gold pieces found at Mycenae

Back 33

Vaphio Cups

Front 34

They illustrate several ways the Mycenaeans captured ____ _____

Back 34

wild bulls

Front 35

It abruptly jeered about 1100 BC when _______ invaded from the north

Back 35

Dorians

Front 36

Human beings were central to the Greek culture. The Greek ideal was to create the _______ __________

Back 36

perfect individual

Front 37

The Greeks considered the human body _________, _________ ________, and __________

Back 37

beautiful, perfectly balanced, and harmonious

Front 38

The human body was the focal point of most of their paintings and sculptures concepts of __________, _______, and _____ were the driving force of many of the Greeks' achievements in ____________, ___________, _______, __________, and ______

Back 38

proportion, balance, and unity; architecture, mathematics, science, philosophy, and poetry

Front 39

Greek artists worked in a ________ ___________ that encouraged art of all types

Back 39

cultural environment

Front 40

The development of Greek art is easily seen in ________

Back 40

sculpture

Front 41

Contrapposto (counterpose) is used to describe the _______ ___'s position where the engaged leg is in the forward position

Back 41

Kritios Boy

Front 42

Showing a _____ _______ ____ was a very important discovery

Back 42

truly relaxed body

Front 43

The sculpted predecessors of the Kritios Boy were limited to _____ ________ figures of young men and women

Back 43

rigid standing

Front 44

______ was a life size nude young which represented either Apollo or an ideal athlete

Back 44

Kouros

Front 45

The figures were ________ and did NOT represent ____ ______

Back 45

stylized; real people

Front 46

Over the course of the next 75 years, this stylization changed to a more _______ and _________ representation of the human figure

Back 46

natural and realistic

Front 47

The _______ _____ (named after the period) is very characteristic of figures sculpted at this time

Back 47

Archaic smile

Front 48

The ____ figures were painted, as most were Greek sculptures, to appear more natural

Back 48

Kore

Front 49

Characteristics of an Archaic Kouros:

Back 49

- Archaic smile
- Left foot forward
- Clenched fists
- Wooden, stiff posture
- Idealized form
- Unclad (naked)

Front 50

The archaic period came to a close in ___ __

Back 50

480 BC

Front 51

The _______ ___ dates back from this time and, as we have seen, it marks a change in how we the Greeks depict the human form

Back 51

Kritios Boy

Front 52

The _________ ______ began after 480 BC, when the Greeks defeated the Persian fleet at Salamis

Back 52

Classical period

Front 53

In the early part of the classical period, the Greeks experienced a period of _____ in which the arts flourished

Back 53

peace

Front 54

Individualism of _____, ________, and ________ ______________ was honored

Back 54

ideas, thoughts, and artistic representation

Front 55

The __________ __ ______ shows the changes that took place

Back 55

Charioteer of Delphi

Front 56

The figure is cast is ______ and is the earliest of the few remaining Greek bronzes

Back 56

bronze

Front 57

The Archaic smile is replaced by a look of ____ and ____ _______, which symbolizes a classic balance of _______, ___________, and ________ _______

Back 57

calm and self control; emotion, personality, and physical ability

Front 58

The ___ __ ___ ________ was the climax of the Classical period in Greek sculpture and architecture

Back 58

Age of the Pericles

Front 59

______ was safe and the arts were admired and loved as never before and seldom since

Back 59

Athens

Front 60

The Athenians decorated the most prominent building in their city, the _________, in their most ambitious sculptural undertaking

Back 60

Parthenon

Front 61

The _________ had many statues in the east and west ends of the building

Back 61

Parthenon

Front 62

A continuous ______ (or sculpted band) ran for 525 feet around the top of the wall of the cella in the Parthenon

Back 62

frieze

Front 63

Greek architecture developed from a _____ and _________ __________ in the Archaic period to a _____ and ____ ____ in the Classical period

Back 63

heavy and ponderous appearance; light and airy feel

Front 64

Most architecture was focused around _______

Back 64

temples

Front 65

The public was not usually allowed into the temples, so architects designed __________ ________

Back 65

impressive exteriors

Front 66

The Greeks saw public buildings as organic units that must be organized into _______ ____________ __ _____

Back 66

orderly arrangements of parts

Front 67

This led to definite systems of construction that were called "___ ______"

Back 67

the orders

Front 68

developed in mainland areas

Back 68

Doric order

Front 69

revolved in the islands and cost of Asia Minor

Back 69

Ionic order

Front 70

used in Hellenistic times and later in roman civilization

Back 70

Corinthian order

Front 71

The orders consisted of detailed rules for construction, based on ___________ and an ___________ of the parts of the building

Back 71

proportions; integration

Front 72

The Archaic Doric _______ (rounded molding below and abacus) is a broad and flattened

Back 72

echinus

Front 73

The ______ (the flat slab on top of a capital, supporting the architecture) is very wide

Back 73

abacus

Front 74

The Ionic order is much _______ and more ________ that the Doric

Back 74

lighter; delicate

Front 75

The columns are set on a base and are more _______

Back 75

slender

Front 76

The __________ _____ is characterized by slender fluted columns and elaborate capitols decorated with leaves and scrolls

Back 76

Corinthian order

Front 77

The Greeks were also interested in _____ and _____

Back 77

drama and music

Front 78

Theaters were open-air, rounded structures that were placed into _______ _____ __ _____

Back 78

sloping sides of hills

Front 79

Greek theaters had carefully ______ _____ _____ and ________

Back 79

tiered stone seats and walkways

Front 80

Example of a Greek Theater:

Back 80

The Theater at Epidaurus

Front 81

Greek Periods:

Back 81

- Archaic
- Classical
- Hellenistic

Front 82

The Greeks were proud of the large and colorful _________ decorating their walls, but not even one exists today

Back 82

paintings

Front 83

Early _____ from the Archaic period are of red clay and have black _______ and decorations painted on them

Back 83

vases; figures

Front 84

The _______, a large storage jar with two handles, was singed by Exekias

Back 84

amphora

Front 85

He considered the amphora one of his finest works

Back 85

Exekias

Front 86

The sophistication of later Greek painting is revealed in ___ ______ __ _____

Back 86

The Battle of Issus

Front 87

It's a mosaics copy of a ___________ ____ ________ of about 315 BC

Back 87

Hellenistic wall painting

Front 88

Only four colors are used:

Back 88

red, yellow, white, and black

Front 89

The Roman city state had its first beginnings in the _____ _______ __

Back 89

eight century BC

Front 90

The Romans expanded their control in every direction and eventually dominated the _______ _____

Back 90

Western world

Front 91

The Romans greatly admired _____ _________ and brought back many pieces to decorate their villas. Whatever their did not import, they had copied by either the Greek artists or their own Roman artists

Back 91

Greek sculpture

Front 92

They made their greatest contributions to art in ____________- the area in which their influence is most strongly seen

Back 92

architecture

Front 93

The _________ is one of the grandest of all Roman structures

Back 93

colosseum

Front 94

_____ emperors were involved in its construction

Back 94

Three

Front 95

It was originally designed for the _______ __ ______ __________, most particularly for battles between animals and gladiators

Back 95

staging of lavish spectacles

Front 96

The Colosseum held __,___ ______ in the marble seated interior

Back 96

50,000 Romans

Front 97

Concrete ______, _____, and ______, covered with marble or decorative plaster, made up several kilometers of passageways

Back 97

arches, walls, and vaults

Front 98

The ____ and _____ were essential parts of monumental Roman architecture

Back 98

arch and vault

Front 99

The ____ is a curved architectural element used to span an opening

Back 99

arch

Front 100

The _____ is an arched roof or covering made of brick, stone, or concrete

Back 100

vault

Front 101

The outer wall of the Colosseum is as high as a ______ __ _____ ________

Back 101

modern 16 story building

Front 102

The wall went completely around the structure and supported pose from which an awning could be stretched to protect spectators from the sun or rain. ____ ___ were needed to raise and lower the awning

Back 102

1000 men

Front 103

The exterior wall is divided into ____ __________ _____, with large arched openings piercing the lower three

Back 103

four horizontal bands

Front 104

The arches are framed in the standard Roman sequence for multistoried buildings: _____-_____-__________, from the ground up Statues filled the arched niches around the outside and a heavy wooden floor covered layers of cells below in chick gladiators and animals were held

Back 104

Doric-Ioned-Corinthian

Front 105

The Colosseum ranks as one of the most astonishing achievements of _________

Back 105

antiquity

Front 106

Later, the Colosseum was damaged by ________ and __________ who used it as a instant quarry for marble when constructing other buildings

Back 106

citizens and architects

Front 107

Roman Art Periods:

Back 107

- Etruscan
- Republic
- Imperial

Front 108

Much of central Italy was dominated by the _________

Back 108

Etruscans

Front 109

Told by Roman writers that Etruscans were ______ ____________ _________ and town planners and the Romans must have learned a great deal from them

Back 109

master architectural engineers

Front 110

The use of ______ in Etruscan sculpture and other decorative items was admired, even by the Greeks

Back 110

bronze

Front 111

The Romans learned many lessons from the _________ and, as we have seen in the example of the Colosseum, the Romans advanced architecture to unrivaled heights

Back 111

Etruscans

Front 112

The Romans erected the first sculptures in history with ____ ________ ______

Back 112

vast interior spaces

Front 113

One of the most outstanding examples of the ________, which was built to honor all the gods

Back 113

Pantheon

Front 114

A huge dome rests on a _______ ____, creating an interior space that is overwhelming to experience

Back 114

mammoth drum

Front 115

The dome of the Pantheon is _______, or decorated, with a series of ________ ___________ ______

Back 115

coffered; recessed rectangular panels

Front 116

The only source of light is a single round, eye-like opening at the top. This opening is 30 feet in diameter and any rain that falls through it is carried away by an _________ ___________ ________ ______

Back 116

elaborate underground drainage system

Front 117

Roman ________ differed slightly from those of the Greeks

Back 117

theaters

Front 118

They partially cut the round Greek orchestra and constructed a ______ _____ behind it

Back 118

raised state

Front 119

The seating was a __________ rather than in the two-thirds circle of the Greeks

Back 119

semicircle

Front 120

Theaters were often ____________ rather than placed in a concave hillside like the Greeks

Back 120

freestanding

Front 121

The _______ __ _______ _______ was built on the side of the Acropolis in Athens and is still used today

Back 121

Theater of Herodes Atticus

Front 122

Although the Romans borrowed heavily from Greek sculpture, they used ________ ________ ________ to honor their emperors

Back 122

original portrait sculpture

Front 123

The Roman interest in portrait sculpture, especially the ____ (head and upper torso) is an important contribution to world art

Back 123

bust

Front 124

______ _________ were used to record important events in the lives of Roman emperors

Back 124

Relief sculptures

Front 125

The ______ __ ______ is a splendid marble cylinder that rises to a height of over 130 feet

Back 125

Column of Trajan

Front 126

The column is ______ and originally contained an urn with the _____ __ ___ _______

Back 126

hollow; ashes of the emperor

Front 127

Both the _________ and the ______ made paintings which the early Romans copied

Back 127

Etruscans; Greeks

Front 128

The Romans used paintings to decorate and color the _________ __ ______

Back 128

interiors of houses

Front 129

Romans created:

Back 129

- still life
- portrait
- landscape
- mythological paintings

Front 130

All Roman wall paintings were done in ______, a method of painting wet plaster with pigment

Back 130

fresco

Front 131

Entire plaster-covered walls were frescoed to look like ______ and ____ ________, or were decorated with _______ and _____, almost like wallpaper

Back 131

marble and wood paneling; flowers and vines

Front 132

Although Greeks had used _______ ______ to create mosaics, the Romans excelled in this

Back 132

colored stones

Front 133

Small bits of ______ were cut, polished and fitted together to make an image

Back 133

marble