Final Exam Anatomy Reproductive System

Front 1

Tunica albuginea

Back 1

Capsule that surrounds each testis, made of connective tissue

Front 2

Septa

Back 2

Extensions of the capsule that extend into the testis and divide it into lobules, made of connective tissue

Front 3

Seminiferous tubules

Back 3

1-4 found in each testis lobule, tightly coiled structures, forms sperm

Front 4

Rete testis

Back 4

Receive sperms and send to the epididymis

Front 5

Interstitial cells in the seminiferous tubules

Back 5

Produce testosterone

Front 6

Epididymis structure

Back 6

Comma-shaped, tightly coiled tube, Found on the superior part of the testis and along the posterior lateral side

Front 7

Epididymis function

Back 7

Mature and store sperm cells

Front 8

How does sperm move from the epididymis into the ductus deferens?

Back 8

Smooth muscle contractions

Front 9

Ductus deferens function

Back 9

Carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

Front 10

How does the ductus deferens move sperm?

Back 10

Peristalsis

Front 11

Spermatic cord

Back 11

Ductus deferens, blood vessels, and nerves in a connective tissue sheath

Front 12

Ejaculation

Back 12

Smooth muscle in the walls of the ductus deferens create peristaltic waves to squeeze sperm forward

Front 13

Where does sperm enter the urethra from?

Back 13

Ejaculatory duct

Front 14

Prostatic urethra

Back 14

Surrounded by prostate

Front 15

Membranous urethra

Back 15

Travels from prostatic urethra to penis

Front 16

Spongy (penile) urethra

Back 16

Runs the length of the penis

Front 17

Seminal Vesicles

Back 17

Produces a thick, yellowish secretion (60 percent of semen)

Front 18

Prostate

Back 18

Secretes a milky fluid which
helps to activate sperm,
Enters the urethra through several small ducts

Front 19

Bulbourethral Glands

Back 19

Produces a thick, clear mucus, cleanses the urethra of acidic urine prior to ejaculation, serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse, neutralizes pH of vagina

Front 20

Accessory organs

Back 20

Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Bulbourethral glands

Front 21

Advantages of accessory gland secretions

Back 21

Fructose provides energy for sperm cells, Alkalinity of semen helps neutralize the acidic environment of vagina,
Anti-bacterial properties,
Elements of semen enhance sperm motility

Front 22

Semen

Back 22

Mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions

Front 23

Scrotum

Back 23

Divided sac of skin outside the abdomen, Maintains testes at 3°C lower than normal body temperature to protect sperm viability

Front 24

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

Back 24

Seminiferous tubules

Front 25

Spermatogonia

Back 25

Stem cells

Front 26

Type A daughter cell

Back 26

One cell produced is a stem cell during spermatogonia division

Front 27

Type B daughter cell

Back 27

Primary spermatocyte formed during spermatogonia division

Front 28

One primary spermatocyte formed during spermatogonia produces what? How?

Back 28

Four haploid spermatids through meiosis

Front 29

What is a mature spermatid called?

Back 29

A sperm cell

Front 30

Spermatogenisis

Back 30

Production of sperm cells

Front 31

Spermiogenesis

Back 31

Maturation of spermatids

Front 32

Head of a mature sperm cell

Back 32

Contains DNA, breaks down and releases enzymes to help the sperm penetrate an egg

Front 33

Midpiece of a mature sperm cell

Back 33

Wrapped by mitochondria for ATP generation

Front 34

Acrosome

Back 34

“helmet” on the nucleus of a sperm, similar to a large lysosome

Front 35

Testosterone production

Back 35

Begins at puberty by interstitial cells which are activated by LH

Front 36

Testosterone function

Back 36

Stimulates reproductive organ development, Underlies sex drive, Causes secondary sex characteristics

Front 37

Ovarian follicles

Back 37

Sac like structures composing the ovaries

Front 38

Oocyte

Back 38

Immature egg

Front 39

Follicular cells

Back 39

Surround the oocyte

Front 40

Primary follicle

Back 40

Contains an immature oocyte

Front 41

Graafian (vesicular) follicle

Back 41

Growing follicle with a maturing oocyte

Front 42

Ovulation

Back 42

When the egg is mature, the follicle ruptures; occurs about every 28 days

Front 43

Corpus luteum

Back 43

The ruptured follicle

Front 44

Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes function

Back 44

Receive the ovulated oocyte,
Provide a site for fertilization,
Attach to the uterus

Front 45

Fimbriae

Back 45

Finger-like projections at the distal end of the uterine tube,
Receive the oocyte from the ovary

Front 46

Cilia in the uterine tubes

Back 46

Slowly move the oocyte towards the uterus (takes 3 to 4 days)

Front 47

Functions of the uterus

Back 47

Receives a fertilized egg
Retains the fertilized egg
Nourishes the fertilized egg

Front 48

Endometrium

Back 48

Inner layer of uterus, Allows for implantation of a fertilized egg,
Sloughs off if no pregnancy occurs (menses)

Front 49

Myometrium

Back 49

Middle layer of smooth muscle

Front 50

Perimetrium

Back 50

Outermost serous layer of the uterus

Front 51

Mons Pubis

Back 51

Fatty area overlying the pubic symphysis,
Covered with pubic hair after puberty

Front 52

Labia majora

Back 52

Hair-covered skin folds
Enclose the labia minora
Also encloses the vestibule

Front 53

Labia minora

Back 53

Delicate, hair-free folds of skin

Front 54

Vestibule

Back 54

Enclosed by labia majora,
Contains external openings of the urethra and vagina

Front 55

Greater vestibular glands

Back 55

One is found on each side of the vagina, Secretes lubricant during intercourse

Front 56

The clitoris is similar to the penis in that it is

Back 56

Hooded by a prepuce,
Composed of sensitive erectile tissue,
Becomes swollen with blood during sexual excitement

Front 57

Oogonia

Back 57

Female stem cells found in a developing fetus

Front 58

Primary oocytes

Back 58

Formed by oogonia after mitosis, Surrounded by cells that form primary follicles in the ovary

Front 59

Meiosis in males

Back 59

Produces four functional sperm

Front 60

Meiosis in females

Back 60

Produces one functional ovum and three polar bodies

Front 61

How is the uterine cycle regulated?

Back 61

By cyclic production of estrogens and progesterone

Front 62

How are estrogen and progesterone regulated?

Back 62

FSH and LH regulate the production of estrogens and progesterone

Front 63

Menstrual phase of uterine cycle

Back 63

Days 1 to 5,
Functional layer of the endometrium is sloughed,
Bleeding occurs for 3 to 5 days

Front 64

Proliferative stage of uterine cycle

Back 64

Days 6 to 14,
Regeneration of endometrium,
Estrogen levels rise,
Ovulation occurs in the ovary at the end of this stage

Front 65

Secretory stage of uterine cycle

Back 65

Days 15 to 28,
Levels of progesterone rise and increase the blood supply to the endometrium,
Endometrium increases in size and readies for implantation

Front 66

What happens if fertilization occurs during the secretory stage?

Back 66

Embryo produces a hormone that causes the corpus luteum to continue producing its hormones

Front 67

What happens if fertilization does not occur during the secretory stage?

Back 67

Corpus luteum degenerates as LH blood levels decline

Front 68

LH surge

Back 68

Causes ovulation

Front 69

Follicular cells

Back 69

Produce estrogen and progesterone

Front 70

Function of estrogen

Back 70

Cause secondary sex characteristics:
Enlargement of accessory organs of the female reproductive system,
Development of breasts,
Appearance of axillary and pubic hair,
Increase in fat beneath the skin, particularly in hips and breasts,
Widening and lightening of the pelvis,
Onset of menses (menstrual cycle)

Front 71

How is progesterone produced?

Back 71

By the corpus luteum

Front 72

Progesterone

Back 72

Does not contribute to the appearance of secondary sex characteristics
Major effects:
Helps maintain pregnancy
Prepare the breasts for milk production