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149 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The primary sex organs
the gonads
gamets
sex cells
accessory reproductive organs
ducts, glands, and exteral genitalia
Testes
male gonads, which lie within the scrotum
system of ducts wic hdiliver the sperm (in order)
epididymis,the ductus deferens, the ejaculatory duct, and finally the urethra
The accessory sex glands which empty their secretions into the ducts during ejaculation are?
seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands
The scrotum
a sac of skin and superficial fascia that hangs outside .
daros muscle
a layer of smooth muscle in the scrotum, which wrinkles the scrotal skin
the cremastal muscles
elevate the testes
The outer tunic of the testes
tunica vaginalis
The inner tunc of the testes
tunica albuginea ( the fiberous capsuls of the testes)
seminiferous tubules
the sperm factories, which are surrounded by muscle-like myoid cellconveys sperm into the rete testis
the seminiferous tubules of each lobule converge to form what?
the tubulus rectus, which is a strait tubule that
Intersitiual cells
Leydig cells, produce adrogens, most importantly: testosterone. which=is secrted into the surrounding intersitual fluid
what do the testicular veins arise from?
a network called the pampiniform plexus, provides a cooling mechanism for the testes
spermatic cord
a connective tissue sheath that encloses the the blood vessels and lymphatics
the most common cancer in men between 15-35?
testicular cancer
What are the external genitalia of the male?
the penis and scrotum
perineum
(arounds the anus) the dimond-shaped region around the anus
the glans penis
the "tip"
prepuce
foreskin
During sexual excitements, the vascular spaces of the spongy erectile tissue fill with?
blood
The Epididymis
posterolateral area of the testes, contains the duct(6M).
How are the immature sperm move along the epididymis duct in what?
fluid that contains a number of proteins, such as b-defensins.
How long long of a course are the unmature sperm on?
20 days
The ducuts deferens
runs upward from the epididymis as part of the spermatic cord, through the ingunal canal into the pelvic cavity
Each ejaculatory duct enters the what ? where it empties into the ureathra?
prostate. The ejaculatory duct muscle layer is very thick
The duct of each seminal vesicle joins that of the _____ to form the ejaculatory duct.
ductus deferens, on the same side
The prostate
(circles the urethra just inferior to the bladder) plays a role in activating sperm and accounts for up to one third of the semen volume
hypertrophy of the prostate gland
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), affects nearly every elderly male, and distorts the urethra
What is the most common reason for a man to consult a urologist?
Prostatitis (inflamation of the prostate) Prostate cancer is the 2nd most common reason
The bulbourethral glands
pea sized glands, inferior to the prostate. Produce a thick layer of mucus, which drains into the spongy urehtra during sexual excitement and neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra
Mature sperm cells contain little cytoplasm or stored nutrients
True
What provides nearly all the fuel for sperm ATP synthesis?
catabolism of the fructose in seminal vescle secretion
What do prostaglandins in semen do?
decrease the viscosity of mucus guarding the entry to the cervix and stimulate reverse persitalis in the uterus, facilitating sperm movement through the female reproductive tract
What enhances sperm motility?
The presence of relaxin and certian enzymes in the semen
semubalplasmin
an antibiotic chemical which destroys certain bacteria
Erection
enlargement and stiffening of the penis, resulting from engorgement of erectile bodies with blood.
When a man is sexually aroused, what is released that allows the erectile bodies to fill with blood?
NO, witch relaxes Vascular smooth muscle, causing these arterioles to dialate, allowing the erectile bodies to fill with blood
What maintains engorgement?
the corpora cavernosa of the penis compresses their drainage veins, keeping blood in
What is the corpus spongiosum's main job?
to keep the urethra open during ejaculation
What prevents the penis from kinking or buckling during intercourse?
the longitudinal and circular arrangement of clooagen fibers surrounding the peins
What are the parasympathetic effects on the penis?
erection, and stimulation of the bulbourethral glands, which makes it secret it lubricants that lubricate the glans penis
Impotence
the inhability to attain erection
Ejaculation
the propulsion of semen from the male duct system.
Ejaculation is under what contol?
sympathetic
the bulbospongiosus muscles of the penis undergo a rapid series of contractions during ejaculation, propelling semen at spedds up to 500cm/s
true
spermatogenesis
sperm production
What age does sperm production begin at?
around 14 years old
How much sperm does the adult male make per day?
400 million
diploid chromosomal number
the normal chromosome number in most boddy cells (2n) In humans this number is 46
diploid cells contain how many pairs of chromosomes and what are they called?
23 pairs; homologous chromosomes or homologues
the paternal chromosome
the male chromosome
the female chromosome
the maternal chromosome
The haploid chromosomal number
the number of chromsomes present in human gametes (n) (23)
Meiosis
is required for gamet formation in both sexes. It is a nuclear division, that for the most part occurs only in the gonads
Mitosis
the process by which most body cells divide, distributes replicated chromosomes equally between the two daughter cells; consequently each daughter cell receives a set of chromosomes identical to that of the mother cell
the paternal chromosome
the male chromosome
the female chromosome
the maternal chromosome
The haploid chromosomal number
the number of chromsomes present in human gametes (n) (23)
Meiosis
is required for gamet formation in both sexes. It is a nuclear division, that for the most part occurs only in the gonads
Mitosis
the process by which most body cells divide, distributes replicated chromosomes equally between the two daughter cells; consequently each daughter cell receives a set of chromosomes identical to that of the mother cell
LOOK @ Meiosis/Mitosis differences!
DO IT
spermatogenic cells
cells in verious stages of sperm forming
Mitosis of spermatogonia
(sperm seed) the outer most tubule cells which are in direct contact with the epethelial basal laminam; they divide continuously by mitosis, whcih after puberty every division by mitosis results in exactly two distinctive daughter cells type A and type B. Type A cells remain at the basement membrane to maintain the germ cell line. Type B cells get pushed toward the lumen where it becomes a primary spermatocyte, detined to produce four sperm.
Meiosis of Spermatogonia
(spermatocytes to Spermatids)
after each spermocyte genertaed during the first phase undergoes meiosis I, it forms two smaller haploid secondary spermatocytes. Then they continue on reapidly to meiosis II and their daughter cells called spermatids, then their genes are almost all shutt off and they compact their dna into dense pellets
Spermiogenesis
spermatids to sperm. each spermatid has the chorect chromosomal number for fertilization, but it isnt mobile yet, it still has to under go spermiogeneisis. During which it elongates, sheds its excess cytoplasm and forms a tail. After which sperm/spermatozoon is formed
the basal compartment
contains the earliest primary spermatocytes
the adluminal compartment
includes the meiotically active cells and the tubule lumen
the blood-testis barrier
formed by the tight junction between the sustentacular cells. this barrier prevents the membrane antigens from escaping through the basal lamina into the blood steem, where they would activate the immune system
/the brain testicukar axis
(1) the hypothalmus releases GnRH, which controls the relese of FSH and LH
(2) Binding of GnRH to gonadotropins prompts them to secrete FSH and LH into the blood.
(3)FSH stimulates spermatogenesis by indirectly stimulating the sustentacular cells to release ABP(androgen-binding proteein). ABP prompts the spermatogenic cells to bind to concentrate testosterone, which in turn stimulates spermatogenesis. THUS FSH MAKES THE CELLS RECEPTIVE TO TESTOSTERONES STIMULATORY EFFECTS
(4) LH binds to intersitual cells, prodding them to secrete testosterone, where it serves as the final trigger for spermatogenesis.
(%) Testosterone then inhibts the hypothalmic release of
GnRH and acts directly on the anterior petuitary to inhib gonadotropin release.
What serves as the barometer of normalacy in spermatogenesis?
Inhibin
The female gonads
Overies
the internal genetalia of a woman
the overies and duct system
the ovarian ligament
anchors overies medially
the suspensory ligament
anchors overies laterally to the pelvic wall
Tunica albugeinea
fiberous layer that surrounds the overies. The overy has an outer cortex which houses the forming gamets
Each ovarian follicule consits of
an immature egg, called an oocyte, incased by follicle cells
Uterine/fallopian tubes
They receive the ovulated oocyte and are the site where fertilization gernerally occurs
What region of the fallopian tubes does fertilization usually occure?
the ampulla
the fact that uterine tubes are not continuous with the ovaries puts women at risk for what?
Ectopic pregnancy; a zygote, fertilized in the peritoneal cavity brgins developing there, often aborted, and cause substantial bleeding
PID
Pelvic inflamatory disease, can cause sacrring of the narrow uterine tubes, causeing sterility
The uterus
located in the pelvis; a hollow, thick walled, muscular organ that functions to receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized ovum
What supports the uterus laterally?
the mesometrium
Prolapse of the uterus
Muscles of the pelvic floor are torn during childbirth and subsequently cause the uterus to sink inferiorly, until the tip of the cervix protrudes through the open vagina
The outermost layer of the uterine wall
the perimetrium
the middle layer of the uterine wall
myometrium, bulky layer, compose of smooth muscle
the inner most layer of the uterine wall; the mucosal lining
the endometrium
If fertilization occures, where does the embryo impant and reside for the rest of development
the endometrium of the uterine wall
What are the two layers of the uterine wall's endometrium?
the statum functionalis; undergoes cyclic changes in response to blood levels of ovarian hormones and is shed during menstraion and (2) the stratum basalis (basal layer): forms a new functionalis after menstration and is unresponsive to ovarian hormones
The uterine arteries arise from where?
the internal iliacs in the pelvis, and branch and break up into several arcuate arteies w/in the myometrium. these turn into spiraled arteries in the funcionalis, and it is their spasms that cause the functionalis to shed during menstration
The birth canal
the vagina; the female organ of copulation
What is expected to provide the route for hiv infection in the vagina?
dendritic mucosla cells located in the mucosa
the hymen
formed by the mucosa near the vaginal orifice, an incomplete partion. ie:"your cherry"
the female counterpart of the male scrotum
labia majora, which enclose the labia minora( enclose the external opening)
The outermost layer of the uterine wall
the perimetrium
the middle layer of the uterine wall
myometrium, bulky layer, compose of smooth muscle
the inner most layer of the uterine wall; the mucosal lining
the endometrium
If fertilization occures, where does the embryo impant and reside for the rest of development
the endometrium of the uterine wall
What are the two layers of the uterine wall's endometrium?
the statum functionalis; undergoes cyclic changes in response to blood levels of ovarian hormones and is shed during menstraion and (2) the stratum basalis (basal layer): forms a new functionalis after menstration and is unresponsive to ovarian hormones
What glands help to keep the vagina moist and lubricated
greater vestibular glands
The bulbs of the vestibule
become engorged with blood during arousal, help to grip the penis, and help to stop seman from flowing into the bladder
The role of the mamory glands
to produce milk; they are modified sweat glands that are part of the skin
each mamory glands consits of how many lobes?
15-25, inside the lobes are glandular aveoli that produce milk into the lactiferous ducts
oogenesis
the begining of an egg
The first part of oogenesis
in the fetal period, the oogonia multiply rapidly by mitosis and then enter growth phase and lay in nutrient reserves, they are then transformed into primary oocytes and become surrounded by a single layer of flattened follicle cells. They begin there meiotic division but become stalled in prophse 1 and wait 10-14 years. At punerty 250,000 oocytes remain and a small number are recruited each month in response to LH surge, mid-cycle. Only 1 is selected each time to continue meiosis 1, ultamately producing 2 haploid cells. The smaller cell is calle dthe first polar body, the large, which contains nearly all the cytoplasm is the secondary oocyte. A spindle forms at the very end of the oocyte and a nipple appears at the edge. the first polar body continues development and udergoes meiosis!!, producing 2 even smaller polar bodies. In humans, the secondary oocyte arrests in metaphase II and it is this cell that is ovulated. If sperm penetraion occures, in completes meiosis II yeilding one large ovum and a tiny second polar body
Only the ovum is
a functional gamet
As many as __% of oocytes but only __to __% of sperm have the wrong number of chromosomes
20% of oocytes but only 3-4% of sperm
The monthly series of events, associated with the maturation of an egg
The ovaian cycle
The follicular phase (of the ovarian cycle)
period of follicle growth. 1-14th day of the cycle
The luteal phase (of the ovarian cycle)
period of corpus luteum activity. days 14-28
only _to _% of women have the typical 28 day cycle
10-15%
Step of the follicular phase
(1) a primordial follicule is activated by an oocyte, the cells surrounding it grow into cuboidal cells. (2) The follicule becomes a Primary Follicule (3) the follicular cell proliferate, forming stratified epethelium around the oocyte, as soon as more than one layer of cells are pressent, they become named granulosa cells.(4) a layer of connective tissue condenses around the follicule calles theca foliculi, as it grows the cells collaborate to produce estrogens at the same time a thick transparent membrane is formed called the ZONA PELLUCIDA (%) clear liquid accumulates between the granulosa cells, forming a fluid filled cavity calle dthe atrum, which distinguishes it from the new secondary follicule from the primary folicule. The atrum cintunues to grow, eventually surroiunded by the corna radiata, becoming full sized it is then called a vesicular follicule and bulges from the external ovarian surface. (7) ovulation occures when the ballooning ovary wall ruptures and expels the secondary ooctye into the peritonal cavity
Fraternal twins: non identicle twins
1-2% of all ovulations, more than one oocyte is ovulated, increases with age, results with multiple births, and the eggs are separatley fertilized by different sperm.
Identicle twins
fertilization of a single oocyte by a single sperm, followd by separation of the fertilized egg's daughter cells in early development. Some woment may release an oocyte at times not related to hormone levels, which may help to explain why a rythem method of contraception some time fails and why some fraternal twins have different conception dates
Steps to the Luteal Phase of ovulation
after ovulation, the ruptured follicule collapses and the atrum fills with clottted blood called the corpus hemorrhaicum, whcih is absorbed. The remainig granulosa cells grow along with the internal thecal cells and form a new endocrine gland; the corpus luteum, which secretes progestosterone and some estrogen. If pregnancy does not occure, it starts to degenerate. The last phase is sometimes called the ischemic phase or luteolytic phase
What is a different hormoe that plays a role in puberty og girls but not boys?
Leptin; the messenger from adipose to the hypothalmus.
Menarche
First menstration
Hormonal Interactions during the ovarian cycle
(1)GnRH(2)FSH and LH(3)elevated estrogen levels and rising inhibin(4) High estrogen levels (5)LH and FSH surge{(6)LH and FSH surge{Mature Follicle}(7)LH and FSH surge{Ovulation/ Corpus luteum}(8)Estrogen,progestosterone and Inhibin, create negative feedback loop to 1
Days 1-5 of the uterine/menstrual cycle
Menstrual phase, detached tissue and blood pass
Days 6-14 of the uterine/menstrual cycle
Proliferative (preovulatory) phase; the endometrium rebuilds itself, basal layer generates new functional layer, also initiatioin of progestosterone receptors. Ovulations occure at the end of the cycle in response to sudden release of LH
amenorrhea
cessation of menses can occure often in female atheletes becuase they have little body fat
Female sexual response
clitoris, vaginal mucosa, and breasts engorge with blood. increased activity of the vestiblue glands lubricates the vestibule ...orgasm DHEA
The single most cause of of reproductive dissorders
STDs
Gonorrhea
spread by contact. called the clap. urethritis, painful urination, discharge of pus. can cause pelvic inflamatory disease in women and sterility. Treated by the antibiotic ceftriaxone
Syphilis
a corksrew shaped bacterium, can be contracted from an infected mother,trading crack, red spot at sight of bacterial invasion, secondary signs appear several weeks later, pink rash, fevere, joint pain
Terinary syphilis
destructive lesions of the CNS, Blood Vessels, bones, and skin
The most common curable STD
Trichomoniasis, parasitic infection. A yellow green vaginal discharge w/ vaginal discharge
Genital Warts
due to human papilomavirus, about 60 viruses, second most common std in the US, linked to 80% of all cervicle cancer, laser removal/ alpha interferon
Genital Herpes
human virus type 2, among the most difficult human pathogens to control. blisterlike lesions flare up, can cause severe malformations in the fetus. only 15% display symptoms. CANT GET RID OF. antiviral acyclovir
sex chromosomes
1 pair of the 46 pairs.
Females have two ___chromosomes
XX
Males have what chromosomes?
one X and one Y
The ___ chromosome initiates development of the testes
Y
nondisjunction
abnormal combinations of sex chromosomes
Females with X0 composition
Turner's syndrome, never develop ovaries
Males with Y0
die during emrionic development
females with 4 or more X chromosomes
mentally retarded and underdevloped ovaries.
Most common sex abnormalities in male
XXY Klinefelter's syndrome, sterility and mental retardation increases with number of X chromosomes
gonadal ridges
develop at five weeks of gestations
paramesonephric
future female ducts
mesonephric
future male ducts
What gides primordial germ cells?
chemokines, seed development of gonads
If the embryonic testies do not produce testosterone
a genetic male develops female accessory structures
If the testies fail to produce AMH
both female and male duct systems form, but externally are male parts
If the genetic female is exposed to testosterone than
she will have ovaries but male ducts and glands, a penis and emty scrotum
hemafrodits
accessory reproductive organs don't match their gonads
Whend do testes begin to desend?
about 2 months before birth, guided by a strong fibrous cord; gubernaculum
How is the reproductive system unique?
(1) it is nonfunctional during the first 10-15 years of life.(2) It works with another system the females to produce a baby