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149 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The primary sex organs
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the gonads
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gamets
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sex cells
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accessory reproductive organs
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ducts, glands, and exteral genitalia
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Testes
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male gonads, which lie within the scrotum
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system of ducts wic hdiliver the sperm (in order)
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epididymis,the ductus deferens, the ejaculatory duct, and finally the urethra
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The accessory sex glands which empty their secretions into the ducts during ejaculation are?
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seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands
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The scrotum
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a sac of skin and superficial fascia that hangs outside .
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daros muscle
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a layer of smooth muscle in the scrotum, which wrinkles the scrotal skin
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the cremastal muscles
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elevate the testes
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The outer tunic of the testes
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tunica vaginalis
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The inner tunc of the testes
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tunica albuginea ( the fiberous capsuls of the testes)
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seminiferous tubules
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the sperm factories, which are surrounded by muscle-like myoid cellconveys sperm into the rete testis
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the seminiferous tubules of each lobule converge to form what?
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the tubulus rectus, which is a strait tubule that
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Intersitiual cells
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Leydig cells, produce adrogens, most importantly: testosterone. which=is secrted into the surrounding intersitual fluid
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what do the testicular veins arise from?
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a network called the pampiniform plexus, provides a cooling mechanism for the testes
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spermatic cord
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a connective tissue sheath that encloses the the blood vessels and lymphatics
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the most common cancer in men between 15-35?
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testicular cancer
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What are the external genitalia of the male?
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the penis and scrotum
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perineum
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(arounds the anus) the dimond-shaped region around the anus
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the glans penis
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the "tip"
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prepuce
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foreskin
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During sexual excitements, the vascular spaces of the spongy erectile tissue fill with?
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blood
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The Epididymis
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posterolateral area of the testes, contains the duct(6M).
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How are the immature sperm move along the epididymis duct in what?
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fluid that contains a number of proteins, such as b-defensins.
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How long long of a course are the unmature sperm on?
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20 days
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The ducuts deferens
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runs upward from the epididymis as part of the spermatic cord, through the ingunal canal into the pelvic cavity
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Each ejaculatory duct enters the what ? where it empties into the ureathra?
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prostate. The ejaculatory duct muscle layer is very thick
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The duct of each seminal vesicle joins that of the _____ to form the ejaculatory duct.
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ductus deferens, on the same side
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The prostate
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(circles the urethra just inferior to the bladder) plays a role in activating sperm and accounts for up to one third of the semen volume
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hypertrophy of the prostate gland
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benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), affects nearly every elderly male, and distorts the urethra
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What is the most common reason for a man to consult a urologist?
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Prostatitis (inflamation of the prostate) Prostate cancer is the 2nd most common reason
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The bulbourethral glands
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pea sized glands, inferior to the prostate. Produce a thick layer of mucus, which drains into the spongy urehtra during sexual excitement and neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra
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Mature sperm cells contain little cytoplasm or stored nutrients
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True
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What provides nearly all the fuel for sperm ATP synthesis?
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catabolism of the fructose in seminal vescle secretion
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What do prostaglandins in semen do?
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decrease the viscosity of mucus guarding the entry to the cervix and stimulate reverse persitalis in the uterus, facilitating sperm movement through the female reproductive tract
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What enhances sperm motility?
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The presence of relaxin and certian enzymes in the semen
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semubalplasmin
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an antibiotic chemical which destroys certain bacteria
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Erection
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enlargement and stiffening of the penis, resulting from engorgement of erectile bodies with blood.
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When a man is sexually aroused, what is released that allows the erectile bodies to fill with blood?
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NO, witch relaxes Vascular smooth muscle, causing these arterioles to dialate, allowing the erectile bodies to fill with blood
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What maintains engorgement?
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the corpora cavernosa of the penis compresses their drainage veins, keeping blood in
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What is the corpus spongiosum's main job?
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to keep the urethra open during ejaculation
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What prevents the penis from kinking or buckling during intercourse?
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the longitudinal and circular arrangement of clooagen fibers surrounding the peins
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What are the parasympathetic effects on the penis?
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erection, and stimulation of the bulbourethral glands, which makes it secret it lubricants that lubricate the glans penis
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Impotence
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the inhability to attain erection
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Ejaculation
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the propulsion of semen from the male duct system.
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Ejaculation is under what contol?
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sympathetic
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the bulbospongiosus muscles of the penis undergo a rapid series of contractions during ejaculation, propelling semen at spedds up to 500cm/s
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true
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spermatogenesis
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sperm production
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What age does sperm production begin at?
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around 14 years old
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How much sperm does the adult male make per day?
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400 million
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diploid chromosomal number
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the normal chromosome number in most boddy cells (2n) In humans this number is 46
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diploid cells contain how many pairs of chromosomes and what are they called?
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23 pairs; homologous chromosomes or homologues
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the paternal chromosome
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the male chromosome
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the female chromosome
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the maternal chromosome
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The haploid chromosomal number
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the number of chromsomes present in human gametes (n) (23)
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Meiosis
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is required for gamet formation in both sexes. It is a nuclear division, that for the most part occurs only in the gonads
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Mitosis
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the process by which most body cells divide, distributes replicated chromosomes equally between the two daughter cells; consequently each daughter cell receives a set of chromosomes identical to that of the mother cell
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the paternal chromosome
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the male chromosome
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the female chromosome
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the maternal chromosome
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The haploid chromosomal number
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the number of chromsomes present in human gametes (n) (23)
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Meiosis
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is required for gamet formation in both sexes. It is a nuclear division, that for the most part occurs only in the gonads
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Mitosis
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the process by which most body cells divide, distributes replicated chromosomes equally between the two daughter cells; consequently each daughter cell receives a set of chromosomes identical to that of the mother cell
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LOOK @ Meiosis/Mitosis differences!
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DO IT
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spermatogenic cells
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cells in verious stages of sperm forming
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Mitosis of spermatogonia
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(sperm seed) the outer most tubule cells which are in direct contact with the epethelial basal laminam; they divide continuously by mitosis, whcih after puberty every division by mitosis results in exactly two distinctive daughter cells type A and type B. Type A cells remain at the basement membrane to maintain the germ cell line. Type B cells get pushed toward the lumen where it becomes a primary spermatocyte, detined to produce four sperm.
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Meiosis of Spermatogonia
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(spermatocytes to Spermatids)
after each spermocyte genertaed during the first phase undergoes meiosis I, it forms two smaller haploid secondary spermatocytes. Then they continue on reapidly to meiosis II and their daughter cells called spermatids, then their genes are almost all shutt off and they compact their dna into dense pellets |
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Spermiogenesis
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spermatids to sperm. each spermatid has the chorect chromosomal number for fertilization, but it isnt mobile yet, it still has to under go spermiogeneisis. During which it elongates, sheds its excess cytoplasm and forms a tail. After which sperm/spermatozoon is formed
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the basal compartment
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contains the earliest primary spermatocytes
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the adluminal compartment
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includes the meiotically active cells and the tubule lumen
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the blood-testis barrier
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formed by the tight junction between the sustentacular cells. this barrier prevents the membrane antigens from escaping through the basal lamina into the blood steem, where they would activate the immune system
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/the brain testicukar axis
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(1) the hypothalmus releases GnRH, which controls the relese of FSH and LH
(2) Binding of GnRH to gonadotropins prompts them to secrete FSH and LH into the blood. (3)FSH stimulates spermatogenesis by indirectly stimulating the sustentacular cells to release ABP(androgen-binding proteein). ABP prompts the spermatogenic cells to bind to concentrate testosterone, which in turn stimulates spermatogenesis. THUS FSH MAKES THE CELLS RECEPTIVE TO TESTOSTERONES STIMULATORY EFFECTS (4) LH binds to intersitual cells, prodding them to secrete testosterone, where it serves as the final trigger for spermatogenesis. (%) Testosterone then inhibts the hypothalmic release of GnRH and acts directly on the anterior petuitary to inhib gonadotropin release. |
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What serves as the barometer of normalacy in spermatogenesis?
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Inhibin
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The female gonads
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Overies
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the internal genetalia of a woman
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the overies and duct system
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the ovarian ligament
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anchors overies medially
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the suspensory ligament
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anchors overies laterally to the pelvic wall
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Tunica albugeinea
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fiberous layer that surrounds the overies. The overy has an outer cortex which houses the forming gamets
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Each ovarian follicule consits of
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an immature egg, called an oocyte, incased by follicle cells
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Uterine/fallopian tubes
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They receive the ovulated oocyte and are the site where fertilization gernerally occurs
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What region of the fallopian tubes does fertilization usually occure?
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the ampulla
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the fact that uterine tubes are not continuous with the ovaries puts women at risk for what?
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Ectopic pregnancy; a zygote, fertilized in the peritoneal cavity brgins developing there, often aborted, and cause substantial bleeding
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PID
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Pelvic inflamatory disease, can cause sacrring of the narrow uterine tubes, causeing sterility
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The uterus
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located in the pelvis; a hollow, thick walled, muscular organ that functions to receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized ovum
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What supports the uterus laterally?
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the mesometrium
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Prolapse of the uterus
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Muscles of the pelvic floor are torn during childbirth and subsequently cause the uterus to sink inferiorly, until the tip of the cervix protrudes through the open vagina
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The outermost layer of the uterine wall
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the perimetrium
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the middle layer of the uterine wall
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myometrium, bulky layer, compose of smooth muscle
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the inner most layer of the uterine wall; the mucosal lining
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the endometrium
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If fertilization occures, where does the embryo impant and reside for the rest of development
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the endometrium of the uterine wall
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What are the two layers of the uterine wall's endometrium?
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the statum functionalis; undergoes cyclic changes in response to blood levels of ovarian hormones and is shed during menstraion and (2) the stratum basalis (basal layer): forms a new functionalis after menstration and is unresponsive to ovarian hormones
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The uterine arteries arise from where?
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the internal iliacs in the pelvis, and branch and break up into several arcuate arteies w/in the myometrium. these turn into spiraled arteries in the funcionalis, and it is their spasms that cause the functionalis to shed during menstration
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The birth canal
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the vagina; the female organ of copulation
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What is expected to provide the route for hiv infection in the vagina?
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dendritic mucosla cells located in the mucosa
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the hymen
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formed by the mucosa near the vaginal orifice, an incomplete partion. ie:"your cherry"
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the female counterpart of the male scrotum
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labia majora, which enclose the labia minora( enclose the external opening)
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The outermost layer of the uterine wall
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the perimetrium
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the middle layer of the uterine wall
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myometrium, bulky layer, compose of smooth muscle
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the inner most layer of the uterine wall; the mucosal lining
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the endometrium
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If fertilization occures, where does the embryo impant and reside for the rest of development
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the endometrium of the uterine wall
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What are the two layers of the uterine wall's endometrium?
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the statum functionalis; undergoes cyclic changes in response to blood levels of ovarian hormones and is shed during menstraion and (2) the stratum basalis (basal layer): forms a new functionalis after menstration and is unresponsive to ovarian hormones
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What glands help to keep the vagina moist and lubricated
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greater vestibular glands
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The bulbs of the vestibule
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become engorged with blood during arousal, help to grip the penis, and help to stop seman from flowing into the bladder
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The role of the mamory glands
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to produce milk; they are modified sweat glands that are part of the skin
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each mamory glands consits of how many lobes?
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15-25, inside the lobes are glandular aveoli that produce milk into the lactiferous ducts
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oogenesis
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the begining of an egg
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The first part of oogenesis
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in the fetal period, the oogonia multiply rapidly by mitosis and then enter growth phase and lay in nutrient reserves, they are then transformed into primary oocytes and become surrounded by a single layer of flattened follicle cells. They begin there meiotic division but become stalled in prophse 1 and wait 10-14 years. At punerty 250,000 oocytes remain and a small number are recruited each month in response to LH surge, mid-cycle. Only 1 is selected each time to continue meiosis 1, ultamately producing 2 haploid cells. The smaller cell is calle dthe first polar body, the large, which contains nearly all the cytoplasm is the secondary oocyte. A spindle forms at the very end of the oocyte and a nipple appears at the edge. the first polar body continues development and udergoes meiosis!!, producing 2 even smaller polar bodies. In humans, the secondary oocyte arrests in metaphase II and it is this cell that is ovulated. If sperm penetraion occures, in completes meiosis II yeilding one large ovum and a tiny second polar body
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Only the ovum is
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a functional gamet
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As many as __% of oocytes but only __to __% of sperm have the wrong number of chromosomes
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20% of oocytes but only 3-4% of sperm
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The monthly series of events, associated with the maturation of an egg
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The ovaian cycle
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The follicular phase (of the ovarian cycle)
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period of follicle growth. 1-14th day of the cycle
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The luteal phase (of the ovarian cycle)
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period of corpus luteum activity. days 14-28
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only _to _% of women have the typical 28 day cycle
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10-15%
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Step of the follicular phase
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(1) a primordial follicule is activated by an oocyte, the cells surrounding it grow into cuboidal cells. (2) The follicule becomes a Primary Follicule (3) the follicular cell proliferate, forming stratified epethelium around the oocyte, as soon as more than one layer of cells are pressent, they become named granulosa cells.(4) a layer of connective tissue condenses around the follicule calles theca foliculi, as it grows the cells collaborate to produce estrogens at the same time a thick transparent membrane is formed called the ZONA PELLUCIDA (%) clear liquid accumulates between the granulosa cells, forming a fluid filled cavity calle dthe atrum, which distinguishes it from the new secondary follicule from the primary folicule. The atrum cintunues to grow, eventually surroiunded by the corna radiata, becoming full sized it is then called a vesicular follicule and bulges from the external ovarian surface. (7) ovulation occures when the ballooning ovary wall ruptures and expels the secondary ooctye into the peritonal cavity
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Fraternal twins: non identicle twins
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1-2% of all ovulations, more than one oocyte is ovulated, increases with age, results with multiple births, and the eggs are separatley fertilized by different sperm.
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Identicle twins
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fertilization of a single oocyte by a single sperm, followd by separation of the fertilized egg's daughter cells in early development. Some woment may release an oocyte at times not related to hormone levels, which may help to explain why a rythem method of contraception some time fails and why some fraternal twins have different conception dates
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Steps to the Luteal Phase of ovulation
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after ovulation, the ruptured follicule collapses and the atrum fills with clottted blood called the corpus hemorrhaicum, whcih is absorbed. The remainig granulosa cells grow along with the internal thecal cells and form a new endocrine gland; the corpus luteum, which secretes progestosterone and some estrogen. If pregnancy does not occure, it starts to degenerate. The last phase is sometimes called the ischemic phase or luteolytic phase
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What is a different hormoe that plays a role in puberty og girls but not boys?
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Leptin; the messenger from adipose to the hypothalmus.
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Menarche
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First menstration
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Hormonal Interactions during the ovarian cycle
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(1)GnRH(2)FSH and LH(3)elevated estrogen levels and rising inhibin(4) High estrogen levels (5)LH and FSH surge{(6)LH and FSH surge{Mature Follicle}(7)LH and FSH surge{Ovulation/ Corpus luteum}(8)Estrogen,progestosterone and Inhibin, create negative feedback loop to 1
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Days 1-5 of the uterine/menstrual cycle
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Menstrual phase, detached tissue and blood pass
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Days 6-14 of the uterine/menstrual cycle
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Proliferative (preovulatory) phase; the endometrium rebuilds itself, basal layer generates new functional layer, also initiatioin of progestosterone receptors. Ovulations occure at the end of the cycle in response to sudden release of LH
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amenorrhea
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cessation of menses can occure often in female atheletes becuase they have little body fat
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Female sexual response
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clitoris, vaginal mucosa, and breasts engorge with blood. increased activity of the vestiblue glands lubricates the vestibule ...orgasm DHEA
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The single most cause of of reproductive dissorders
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STDs
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Gonorrhea
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spread by contact. called the clap. urethritis, painful urination, discharge of pus. can cause pelvic inflamatory disease in women and sterility. Treated by the antibiotic ceftriaxone
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Syphilis
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a corksrew shaped bacterium, can be contracted from an infected mother,trading crack, red spot at sight of bacterial invasion, secondary signs appear several weeks later, pink rash, fevere, joint pain
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Terinary syphilis
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destructive lesions of the CNS, Blood Vessels, bones, and skin
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The most common curable STD
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Trichomoniasis, parasitic infection. A yellow green vaginal discharge w/ vaginal discharge
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Genital Warts
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due to human papilomavirus, about 60 viruses, second most common std in the US, linked to 80% of all cervicle cancer, laser removal/ alpha interferon
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Genital Herpes
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human virus type 2, among the most difficult human pathogens to control. blisterlike lesions flare up, can cause severe malformations in the fetus. only 15% display symptoms. CANT GET RID OF. antiviral acyclovir
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sex chromosomes
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1 pair of the 46 pairs.
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Females have two ___chromosomes
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XX
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Males have what chromosomes?
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one X and one Y
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The ___ chromosome initiates development of the testes
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Y
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nondisjunction
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abnormal combinations of sex chromosomes
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Females with X0 composition
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Turner's syndrome, never develop ovaries
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Males with Y0
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die during emrionic development
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females with 4 or more X chromosomes
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mentally retarded and underdevloped ovaries.
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Most common sex abnormalities in male
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XXY Klinefelter's syndrome, sterility and mental retardation increases with number of X chromosomes
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gonadal ridges
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develop at five weeks of gestations
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paramesonephric
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future female ducts
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mesonephric
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future male ducts
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What gides primordial germ cells?
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chemokines, seed development of gonads
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If the embryonic testies do not produce testosterone
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a genetic male develops female accessory structures
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If the testies fail to produce AMH
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both female and male duct systems form, but externally are male parts
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If the genetic female is exposed to testosterone than
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she will have ovaries but male ducts and glands, a penis and emty scrotum
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hemafrodits
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accessory reproductive organs don't match their gonads
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Whend do testes begin to desend?
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about 2 months before birth, guided by a strong fibrous cord; gubernaculum
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How is the reproductive system unique?
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(1) it is nonfunctional during the first 10-15 years of life.(2) It works with another system the females to produce a baby
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