Final

Front 1

In general terms describe the lymphatic system

Back 1

System of vessels, tissues and structures that captures the fluid from the interstitial fluid and returns it to the circulatory system

Front 2

Define the term lymph

Back 2

the fluid in the lymphatic system

Front 3

What percentage of the fluid that leaves the circulatory system at the capillaries returns to the circulatory system via the lymphatic system?

Back 3

15%

Front 4

List and describe the 5 primary functions of the lymphatic system

Back 4

1. Drains tissue fluids from the interstitial spaces and returns the fluid to the cardiovascular system
2.processes lymph through lymphoid tissues before returning to cardiovascular center
3.phagocytosis
4.antibody formation
5.lipid absorption by the lacteals in the small intestine

Front 5

Name the components of the lymphatic system

Back 5

1.lymph
2.lymph capillaries
3.lymph vessels
4.lymph trunks
5.lymph ducts
6.lymph nodes
7.spleen, thymus gland, tonsils

Front 6

what does the lymph contain?

Back 6

small proteins that have escaped the blood and need to be returned

Front 7

describe the anatomy of the lymphatic capillaries (found throughout the body except for what structures?)

Back 7

-blind capillary sized vessels
-within tissues
-microscopic
-found through the body except for:
avascular tissue
central nervous tissue
splenic pulp
bone marrow

Front 8

describe the anatomy of the lymphatic capillaries

Back 8

-slightly larger than blood capillaries
-the ends of cells overlap
-contain anchoring filaments for drainage

Front 9

explain the anchoring filaments of the lymphatic capillaries

Back 9

-surounds the cells that surround the lymph. caps.
-will pull on the cells to open up the spaces b/t the cells which causes drainage of the additional fluid when the cell swells

Front 10

what are lacteals? Where are they found? What is their function?

Back 10

-villi
-in the small intestine
-absorbs lipids

Front 11

describe the 5 structures of the lymphatic system in order of the drainage of the lymph

Back 11

1. lymphatic capillaries
2.lymphatic vessels
3.lymphatic nodes
4.lymphatic trunks
5.lymphatic ducts
back to the circulatory system

Front 12

describe the anatomy of the lymphatic vessels

Back 12

-resemble veins but have thinner walls and many more one-way valves

Front 13

where are the lymphatic vessels found?

Back 13

-in subcutaneous tissues
-gennerally follow veins except in the viscera where they follow arteries
-the vessels then drain into nodes

Front 14

describe the structure of the trunks

Back 14

-larger than vessels
-thinner than veins
-have more one-way valves

Front 15

what are the 5 principle trunks and where are they found

Back 15

1. Right and Left lumbar
2.Intestinal trunk
3.Right and Left bronchomediastinal trunks
4.Right and Left subclavian trunks
5.Right and Left jugular trunks

Front 16

Describe the function of the lymphatic ducts

Back 16

recieves lymph from the truks and distributs it back to the circulatory system

Front 17

Name the 2 ducts found in the human body

Back 17

1. thoracic duct
2.right lymphatic duct

Front 18

describe the thoracic duct and where it is located

Back 18

-15-18 inches long
-starts at the enlargement(cisterna chyli)
-located at 2nd lumbar

Front 19

what is the main collecting duct that drains most of the body

Back 19

thoracic duct

Front 20

what does the thoracic duct drain

Back 20

-lower limbs
-walls of the viscera in pelvis
-kidneys
-adrenal glands
-abdominal wall
-stomach
-intestines
-pancreas
-spleen
-part of the liver
-Left side of head
-L side of upper limb
-L lung
-L side of heart

Front 21

which duct drains mostly the left side of the body?

Back 21

the thoracic duct

Front 22

which duct drains mostly the right side of the body?

Back 22

the right lymphatic duct

Front 23

what are the primary lymphatic organs and what do they produce

Back 23

-red bone marrow
-thymus gland
-they produce B cells and T cells and the maturation of B and T cells

Front 24

what are the secondary lymphatic organs?

Back 24

-lymphatic nodes
-spleen
-lymphatic nodules

Front 25

what surrounds the lymphatic nodes and what surrounds the lymphatic nodules?

Back 25

-lymph nodes=surrounded by a capsule made of CT
-lymph nodules= no capsule surrounding it

Front 26

describe the location and function of the thymus gland

Back 26

location:
-mediastinum
-posterior to sternum
-b/t the lungs
-anterior to trachea
function:
needed for the maturation of T cells in children

Front 27

describe the anatomy of the thymus gland

Back 27

-bilobed
-CT holds two lobes together each lobe wrapped in CT

Front 28

what is the difference b/t adults and infants in the size of the thymus gland?

Back 28

-large in infants and reaches maximum size around 10-12 years old
-after puberty it reduces in size and disapears in adulthood

Front 29

where are the lymph nodes found?

Back 29

-scattered throughout the body
-usually in groups
-concentrated in:
-mammary glands
-armpits
-groin
-neck
-elbows
-knees
-intestinal area

Front 30

what is the logic of where the lymph nodes are concentrated

Back 30

-makes it harder for bacteria to pass through
-filter, identify pathogens before it enters the core region of the body

Front 31

describe the structure of the lymph nodes

Back 31

-bean shaped
-cortex
-medulla
-covered by capsule: dense connective tissue
-trabeculae=extensions that extend down into the node
-reticular fibers
-efferent vessels
-afferent vessels

Front 32

what is the purpose of the reticular fibers in the lymph nodes?

Back 32

-network of fibers
-holds the B cells, T cells, and other types of cells in place

Front 33

what is the outer and inner layer of the lymph nodes?

Back 33

outer=cortex
inner=medulla

Front 34

what is the function of the lymph nodes?

Back 34

-defend against pathogens
-production of macrophages
-production of plasma cells
----> antibodies

Front 35

what is the function of the efferent lymphatic vessels?

Back 35

forces the lymph to stay longer

Front 36

what is the largest mass of lymphatic tissue in the body

Back 36

spleen

Front 37

describe the structure of the spleen

Back 37

-outer serous membrane
-trabecuase
-interior=white pulp (lymphatic tissue) and red pulp (venous sinuses)

Front 38

what is the function of the spleen

Back 38

1.phagocytosis
2.stores blood
3.produces blood cells in early development

Front 39

define a lymphatic nodule

Back 39

patches of lymphatic tissue without the capsule

Front 40

what does MALT refer to?

Back 40

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

Front 41

where are the lymphatic nodules (MALT) found?

Back 41

-GI tract
-respiratory tract
-urinary tract
-reproductive tract
-small amounts in each organ

Front 42

What are the names of the tonsils.Where are they located? What are they?

Back 42

-Large concentration of lymphatic nodules
1. pharyngeal tonsil-in the nasopharynx
2. two palatine tonsils-back of the throat
3.two lingual tonsils-base of the tongue

Front 43

Define the term "Nonspecific Resistance"

Back 43

-innate defenses
-present at birth
-provide protection to wide variety

Front 44

What structures constitute the first line of defense?

Back 44

1.skin
2.mucous membrane
3.body fluids and reactions (saliva, urine)

Front 45

how does the skin provide for defense against pathogens?(5 ways)

Back 45

1.constantly shedding outer layer of skin
2.sebaceous glands:protective film
3.acidity of skin
4.perspiration:flushes the skin, puts antibacterial chemicals on the surface
5. natural fauna

Front 46

describe the skins anatomy

Back 46

-epidermis
-multiple layers of keratinized cells

Front 47

what structures or defenses are found in the mucous membrane? (6)

Back 47

1.epithelial tissue
2.goblet cells
3.mucus:traps the pathogens
4.hair in the nose:filters pathogens
5.cilia
6.tight junctions that line the cavities

Front 48

describe the different fluids produced by the body that provide protection

Back 48

-tears
-saliva
-urine
-vaginal secretions
-gastric juices

Front 49

how do the different fluids act to defend against pathogens
(saliva, tears, urine, vaginal secretions, gastric juices)

Back 49

-saliva: antibacterial chemicals
-tears: antibacterial chemicals
-urine: acidic, gets rid of fixed acids
-vaginal secretions:slightly acidic, flushes pathogens
-gastric juices: acidic environment

Front 50

how does defecation and vomitting protect you from pathogens

Back 50

-expells microbes from your body

Front 51

what are the second lines of defenses?

Back 51

-mechanisms still considered to be innate to pathogens
-nonspecific resistance

Front 52

what are the 5 second line of defenses?

Back 52

1. internal anti-microbial proteins
2.phagocytosis
3.inflammation
4.natural killer cell
5. fever

Front 53

name the 3 types of antimicrobial proteins

Back 53

1. interferons
2.compliment system
3.transferons

Front 54

describe interferons: how they work, what they are produced by?

Back 54

-group of proteins produced by cells infected by viruses
-alerts nearby cells that a virus is detected, causes cells to synthesize anti viral proteins, destroys the viruses DNA