Fa - Pathology

Front 1

3 general features of apoptosis:

Back 1

1. *requires* ATP

2. => activation of cytosolic caspases

3. NO inflam. (unlike necrosis)

Front 2

what do caspases do?

Back 2

check

Front 3

7 steps of the apoptotic process:

Back 3

1. deeply-eosinophilic cytoplasm

2. cell shrinks

3. pyknosis (nuclear shrinkage)

4. membrane blebbing

5. karyorrhexis (nuclear fragmentation)

6. => formation of apoptotic bodies

7. => phagocytosed

Front 4

what is a sensitive indicator of cell apoptosis?

Back 4

DNA laddering

Front 5

DNA laddering:

Back 5

*during karyorrhexis,* endonucleases cleave at internucleosomal regions,

yielding 180-bp fragments

Front 6

radx therapy causes apoptosis of:

Back 6

tumors and *surrounding* tissue

via free radical formation and dsDNA breakage

=> rapidly-dividing cells (e.g. skin, GI mucosa) are very susceptible to radx therapy-induced apoptosis

Front 7

intrinsic pathway of apoptosis occurs in:

Back 7

tissue remodeling following embryogenesis

Front 8

the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis is employed when:

(2 cases)

Back 8

1. a regulating factor is withdrawn from a proliferating cell population

2. after exposure to injurious stimuli (toxins, radx, hypoxia)

Front 9

the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis includes pro- and anti-apoptotic factors;

2 pro-apoptotic prots =

1 anti-apoptotic prot. =

Back 9

BAX, BAK;

Bcl-2 is anti-apoptotic

Front 10

intrinsic pathway: changes in proportions of pro- and anti-apoptotic factors =>

Back 10

increased mitochondrial permeability => cytochrome c release

Front 11

Bcl-2 prevents cytochrome c release by:

Back 11

binding to and inhibiting Apaf-1

(Apaf-1 nly induces the activation of caspases)

Front 12

if Bcl-2 is overly expressed (as in follicular lymphoma), Apaf-1 is overly:

Back 12

inhibited,

resulting in a decreased caspase activation

=> tumorigenesis (formation of tumor)

Front 13

2 extrinsic pathways of apoptosis:

Back 13

1. ligand-r' interactions
(FasL binding to Fas/CD95)

2. immune cell-mediated
(cytotoxic T-cell release of perforin and granzyme B)

Front 14

the Fas-FasL interaction is necessary in thymic medullary negative selection - it stops defective/excess T cells from being expressed. but mutations in Fas increase the numbers of:

Back 14

circulating self-reacting lymphocytes

=> AI disorders

(defective Fas-FasL interaction is the basis for AI disorders)

Front 15

normal Fas-FasL interaction: after Fas crosslinks with FasL, multiple Fas mlcls coalesce, forming a binding site for:

Back 15

a death domain-containing adaptor protein, FADD

Front 16

what does FADD do?

Back 16

binds inactive caspases,

activating them

=> apoptosis

Front 17

5 characteristics of necrosis in general:

Back 17

1. ~~exogenous injury

2. prot. denaturation

3. enzymatic degradation

4. intracellular components leak

5. **an INFLAMMATORY process**
(unlike apop)

Front 18

coagulative necrosis:

(5)

Back 18

1. occurs in tissue supplied by end arteries

2. m.c. in heart, liver, kidney

3. prots denature first, then enzymatic degradation

4. cytoplasms bind acidophilic dye

5. cytoskeleton remains

Front 19

liquefactive necrosis:

(3)

Back 19

1. occurs in CNS due to high fat content

2. m.c. in brain, due to bacterial abscesses

3. enzymatic degradation due to release of lysosomal enzymes occurs first

4. => cell shape NOT retained

Front 20

caseous necrosis is caused by:

(3)

Back 20

1. TB

2. systemic fungi

3. Nocardia (bact)

Front 21

fatty necrosis:

(3)

Back 21

1. enzymatic (pancreatitis/saponification)

2. or nonenzymatic (e.g. breast trauma)

3. **Ca2+ deposits appear DARK blue on stain

Front 22

fibrinoid necrosis

(4)

Back 22

1. vasculitides (plural of vasculitis)

2. => Henoch-Schonlein purpura, Chaug-Strauss syndrome

3. malignant HTN

4. amorphous and PINK on H/E

Front 23

gangrenous necrosis

(3)

Back 23

1. dry (if ischemic coagulative)

2. or wet (if inf)

3. common in limbs, GI tract

Front 24

7 facets of REVERSIBLE cell injury:

(i.e. if O2 was returned, these could be undone)

Back 24

1. ATP depletion

2. cellular/mitochondrial swelling

3. nuclear chromatin clumping

4. dec. glycogen

5. fatty change

6. ribosomal/polysomal detachment

7. membrane blebbing

Front 25

4 signs of IRREVERSIBLE cell injury:

Back 25

1. pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis

2. deg. of P memb.

3. lysosomal rupture

4. mitochondrial permeability/vacuolization
=>=> P-containing, amorphous, densities within mitochondria

Front 26

specific areas of Brain susceptible to hypoxia/ischemia/infarction:

Back 26

watershed areas

(places where ACA, PCA, MCA meet)

Front 27

specific area of Heart susceptible to hypoxia/ischemia/infarction:

(1)

Back 27

subendocardium of LV

Front 28

2 specific areas of Kidney susceptible to hypoxia/ischemia/infarction:

Back 28

1. straight segment of proximal tubule (medulla)

2. thick ascending limb (medulla)

Front 29

1 specific area of Liver susceptible to hypoxia/ischemia/infarction:

Back 29

zone III (area around central vein)

Front 30

specific areas of Colon susceptible to hypoxia/ischemia/infarction:

(2)

Back 30

1. splenic flexure

2. rectum

Front 31

red infarct:

(4)

Back 31

1. aka hemorrhagic infarct

2. ~~loose tissues with multiple blood supplies (liver, lungs, intestines)

3. ~~emboli

4. ~~**reperfusion**

Front 32

pale infarcts:

Back 32

1. ~~solid organs with single blood supply

2. e.g. heart, kidney, spleen

Front 33

the first sign of shock is:

Back 33

tachycardia

Front 34

distributive shock = shock due to poor distribution of blood flow; includes these 3 types:

Back 34

1. septic

2. neurogenic

3. anaphylactic

Front 35

features of distributive shock:

(4)

Back 35

1. high-output failure
(TPR is low, CO is high, venous return is high)

2. PCWP is low

3. ~vasodilation

4. BP fails to rise with fluids

Front 36

4 features of hypovolemic/cardiogenic shock:

Back 36

1. ~~ low-output failure
(TPR is high, CO and venous return are low)

2. PCWP is inc. in cardiogenic, dec. in hypovolemic

3. vasoconstriction

4. BP is increased with fluids

Front 37

granuloma =

Back 37

nodular collection of epithelioid mP's and giant cells

("epithelioid mP's" = mP's resembling epithelial cells: finely granular, pale eosinophilic cytoplasm and central, ovoid nucleus)

Front 38

chromatolysis =

Back 38

increased protein synthesis in axon following damage

Front 39

chromatolysis is characterized by:

(3)

Back 39

1. round cellular swelling

2. displacement of the nucleus to the periphery

3. dispersion of Nissl substance throughout cytoplasm

Front 40

(Nissl substance/body =

Back 40

large granular body of RER with free ribosomes, found in neurons)

Front 41

2 types of calcification:

Back 41

1. dystrophic calcification

2. mets calcification

Front 42

3 features of dystrophic calcification:

Back 42

1. deposition is secondary to necrosis

2. localized

3. **pts NORMOcalcemic** (NOT hypercalcemic)

Front 43

4 features of mets calcification:

Back 43

1. widespread deposition

2. secondary to hypercalcemia or high calcium-P product (as in CRF)

3. ~~ most to interstitial tissues of kidney, lungs, and gastric mucosa
(these tissues lose acid quickly - inc. pH favors deposition)

4. pts are NOT normocalcemic

Front 44

leukocyte extravasation occurs predominantly at:

Back 44

postcapillary venules

Front 45

4 stages of leukocyte extravasation:

(extravasation = exit from blood vessel toward site of injury/inflammation)

Back 45

1. margination/rolling

2. tight-binding

3. diapedesis
(squeezing between endothelial cells)

4. migration
(travel to site of inflam.)

Front 46

5 chemotactic factors of leukocytes that are released in response to bact:

Back 46

1. C5a

2. IL-8

3. LTB4

4. kallikrein

5. plat-activation factor

Front 47

inhalation injury =

Back 47

m.c. pulmonary complication after exposure to fire

- inhalation of combustion products => tracheobronchitis, edema, and pneumonia

Front 48

2 types of scars:

Back 48

1. hypertrophic

2. keloid

Front 49

5 features of keloid scarring:

Back 49

1. production of scar tissue is WAY out of proportion to wound

2. ~~ type III collagen (vs. type I in hypertrophic)

3. more common in blacks

4. *frequently recur* after resections

5. ~~ ear lobes, face, UE's

Front 50

3 phases of wound-healing:

Back 50

1. inlammatory
(immediate)

2. proliferative
(2-3 days after wound)

3. remodeling
(7 days after)

Front 51

granulation tissue =

Back 51

new CT + blood vessel

(fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and caps)

Front 52

Th1 cells secrete IFN-y, activating mP's; mP's release TNF-a, which induces and MAINTAINS:

Back 52

granuloma formation

- **anti-TNF-a drugs can cause granulomas to break down**

=> disseminated dz

=> ALWAYS test for latent TB before starting anti-TNF therapy

Front 53

3 features of exudate:

Back 53

1. (hyper)cellular

2. protein-rich

3. sg > 1.020

Front 54

specific gravity =

Back 54

ratio of a density of a substance to a standard

Front 55

exudate occurs due to:

(3)

Back 55

1. lymphatic obstruction

2. inflam/inf

3. malignancy

Front 56

3 features of transudate:

Back 56

1. hypocellular

2. protein-poor

3. sg < 1.012

Front 57

transudate occurs due to:

(3)

Back 57

1. inc. hydrostatic P (as in CHF)

2. dec. oncotic P (as in cirrhosis)

3. Na+ retention

Front 58

ESR =

Back 58

m. of inflam

- higher ESR = more inflammation going on

Front 59

3 causes of dec. ESR:

Back 59

1. sickled cell
(due to altered shape)

2. polycythemia
(due to inc. RBC's diluting the inflammatory aggregation factors)

3. CHF

Front 60

pathophys of iron poisoning =

Back 60

cell death due to peroxidation of membrane lipids

Front 61

3 acute symps of iron poisoning:

Back 61

1. n/v

2. gastric bleeding

3. lethargy

Front 62

2 chronic symps of iron poisoning:

Back 62

1. inc. AG met. acidosis

2. scarring leading to GI obstruction

Front 63

treatment for iron poisoning =

(2)

Back 63

1. chelation
(IV deferoxamine, oral deferasirox)

2. dialysis

Front 64

lipofuscin =

Back 64

yellow-brown "wear and tear" pigment associated with nl aging

- widespread deposition in elderly

Front 65

P-glycoprotein =

Back 65

multidrug R protein 1 (aka MDR1)

- expressed by some CA cells, it pumps out toxins, including chemotherapeutic agents

=> one mechanism of dec. responsiveness or R to chemotherapy over time

Front 66

3 REVERSIBLE _____plasias:

Back 66

1. hyperplasia

2. metaplasia

3. dysplasia

Front 67

metaplasia =

(+ features)

Back 67

change in cell type

- mc.ly involves surface epithelium

- can progress to dysplasia if stress not removed

Front 68

dysplasia =

Back 68

disordered cell growth

~~ proliferation of PRE-cancerous cells

Front 69

3 IRREVERSIBLE ____plasias:

Back 69

1. anaplasia

2. neoplasia

3. desmoplasia

Front 70

anaplasia =

Back 70

loss of structural differentiation and function of cells, causing them to resemble primitive cells of the same tissue

Front 71

neoplasia =

Back 71

uncontrolled, excessive, clonal proliferation of cells

- benign OR malignant

Front 72

desmoplasia =

Back 72

fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm

Front 73

difference between tumor grade and tumor stage:

Back 73

grade ~~ degree of cellular differentiation

1 = low grade, well-differentiated

4 = high grade, poorly-differentiated, anaplastic


stage ~~ spread

Front 74

stage, which consists of TMN, has more:

Back 74

prognostic value than grade

- each component of TMN has an independent prognostic value

Tumor size, Node involvement, Mets

Front 75

"carcinoma" implies:

Back 75

epithelial origin

- sarcoma implies mesenchymal origin

- both imply malignancy

Front 76

mesenchymal =

Back 76

bone, blood vessels, blood cells, SM, striated muscle, fat, CT

Front 77

most carcinomas spread:

Back 77

lymphatically

Front 78

most sarcomas spread:

Back 78

hematogenously

Front 79

4 exceptions of carcinoma spreading lymphatically

(i.e. these 4 spread hematogenously):

Back 79

1. RCC
(often invades renal vein)

2. HCC
(invades hepatic vein)

3. Follicular CA of the thyroid

4. Choriocarcinoma

Front 80

hemangioma =

Back 80

benign tumor of blood vessel

Front 81

leiomyoma =

Back 81

benign tumor of SM

- vs. rhabdomyoma (striated muscle)

Front 82

fibroma =

Back 82

benign tumor of CT

Front 83

leukemia and lymphoma are both:

Back 83

malignant tumors of blood CELLS

Front 84

angiosarcoma =

Back 84

malignant tumor of blood vessels

Front 85

cachexia =

(3)

Back 85

wt loss, muscle atrophy, fatigue that occur in chronic dz's

(e.g. CA, AIDS, TB)

Front 86

cachexia is mediated by:

(3)

Back 86

1. TNF-a
(cachectin)

2. IFN-y

3. IL-6

Front 87

neoplasm associated with acanthosis nigricans:

Back 87

GI malignancy (esp. stomach)

Front 88

neoplasm associated with actinic keratosis:

Back 88

SCC (squamous cell carcinoma) of skin

Front 89

neoplasms associated with AIDS:

(2)

Back 89

1. aggressive malignant lymphomas (non-Hodge)

2. Kaposi sarcoma

Front 90

neoplasm associated with AI dz's:

Back 90

B-cell lymphoma

Front 91

neoplasm associated with Barret Esophagus:

Back 91

esophageal adenocarcinoma

Front 92

gastric adenocarcinoma is associated with these 3 conditions:

Back 92

1. chronic atrophic gastritis

2. pernicious anemia

3. postsurgical gastric remnants

Front 93

neoplasm associated with cirrhosis:

Back 93

HCC

Front 94

neoplasm associated with Cushing Syndrome:

Back 94

small cell CA of lung

Front 95

neoplasm associated with dermatomyositis:

Back 95

lung CA

Front 96

2 neoplasms associated with Down Syndrome:

Back 96

1. ALL,
(ALL fall Down)

2. AML

Front 97

neoplasm associated with dysplastic nevus:

Back 97

malignant melanoma

Front 98

neoplasm associated with hypercalcemia:

Back 98

SCC of lung

Front 99

neoplasms associated with immunodeficiency states:

Back 99

malignant lymphomas

Front 100

neoplasm associated with Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome:

Back 100

small cell CA

Front 101

thymoma is associated with 2 conditions:

Back 101

1. MG

2. pure RBC aplasia

Front 102

2 neoplasms associated with Paget dz of the bone:

Back 102

1. secondary osteosarcoma

2. fibrosarcoma

Front 103

neoplasm associated with Plummer-Vinson Syndrome (dec. iron):

Back 103

SCC of the esophagus

Front 104

2 neoplasms associated with polycythemia:

Back 104

1. RCC

2. HCC

Front 105

4 neoplasms associated with radx exposure:

Back 105

1. leukemias

2. sarcomas

3. Papillary CA of the thyroid

4. BC

Front 106

neoplasm associated with SIADH:

Back 106

small cell CA

Front 107

3 neoplasms associated with tuberous sclerosis:

Back 107

1. Giant cell Astrocytoma

2. renal Angiomyolipoma

3. cardiac rhabdomyoma

Front 108

neoplasm associated with UC:

Back 108

CRC

(adenoCA)

Front 109

3 neoplasms associated with both xeroderma pigmentosum AND albinism:

Back 109

1. **SCC of skin**

2. melanoma

3. BCC

Front 110

tumor markers are NOT used as:

Back 110

primary CA diagnostic tools

- instead, they monitor tumor recurrence and response to therapy

- definitive dx only made by biopsy

Front 111

11 tumor markers:

Back 111

1. AP
(alkaline phosphatase)

2. a-FTP
(a-fetoprotein)

3. Beta-hCG

4. CA-15-3/CA-27-29

5. CA-19-9

6. CA-125

7. calcitonin

8. CEA

9. PSA

10. S-100

11. TRAP

Front 112

Alkaline Phosphatase is a tumor marker for:

(4)

Back 112

1. mets to bone

2. mets to liver

3. Paget dz of bone

4. seminoma (placental AP)

Front 113

a-FP is a tumor marker for:

(5)

Back 113

1. HCC

2. hepatoblastoma
(infants/kids)

3. yolk sac tumor

4. testicular CA

5. mixed germ cell tumor
(co-secreted with B-hCG)

Front 114

B-hCG is a tumor marker for:

(3)

Back 114

1. Hydatidiform moles

2. choriocarcinomas
(gestational trophoblastic dz)

3. testicular CA

Front 115

CA-15-3/CA-27-29 is a tumor marker for:

(1)

Back 115

Breast Cancer

Front 116

CA-19-9 is a tumor marker for:

(1)

Back 116

pancreatic adenoCA

Front 117

CA-125 is a tumor marker for:

(1)

Back 117

ovarian CA

Front 118

calcitonin is a tumor marker for:

(1)

Back 118

MTC

(Medullary CA of thyroid)

Front 119

CEA is a tumor marker for:

(2)

(CarcinoEmbryonic Antigen)

Back 119

(very nonspecific but produced by about 70% of)

CRC and pancreatic CA's

Front 120

PSA is a tumor marker for:

(3)

Back 120

prostate adenoCA

- but also elevated in BPH and prostatitis

Front 121

S-100 is a tumor marker for:

Back 121

CA's of neural crest origin

(e.g. melanomas, schwannomas)

Front 122

TRAP is a tumor marker for:

(1)

Back 122

hairy-cell leukemia

- largely replaced by cytology now

Front 123

oncogene =

Back 123

a gene that can transform a regular cell into a tumor cell

~~ GAIN of function

***need to damage only ONE allele to make an oncogene***

Front 124

oncogene BCR-ABL:

gene product =

associated tumors =
(2)

Back 124

tyrosine kinase;

CML, ALL

Front 125

oncogene bcl-2:

gene product =

associated tumor =

Back 125

anti-apoptotic mlcl;

follicular lymphoma

Front 126

oncogene BRAF:

gene product =

associated tumor =

Back 126

serine/threonine kinase;

melanoma

Front 127

oncogene c-kit:

gene product =

associated tumor =

Back 127

cytokine r' (for stem cell factor);

GIST (GI stromal tumor)

Front 128

oncogene c-myc:

gene product =

associated tumor =

Back 128

TF;

Burkitt lymphoma

Front 129

oncogene HER2/neu (c-erbB2):

gene product =

associated tumors =
(3)

Back 129

tyrosine kinase;

Breast, Ovarian, and gastric CA's

Front 130

oncogene L-myc:

gene product =

associated tumor =

Back 130

TF;

Lung tumor

Front 131

oncogene N-myc:

gene product =

associated tumor =

Back 131

TF;

Neuroblastoma
(m.c.ly found in the adrenal gland)

Front 132

oncogene ras:

gene product =

associated tumors =
(3)

Back 132

GTPase;

CRC, lung, and pancreatic CA

Front 133

oncogene RET:

gene product =

associated tumors =
(2)

Back 133

TK;

MEN 2A, MEN 2B

Front 134

tumor suppressor gene in cancer ~~

Back 134

LOSS of function

- no suppression => tumor growth

***BOTH alleles must be lost in order for tumor suppressor gene problem to result in cancer***

Front 135

tumor suppressor APC: associated tumor =

Back 135

CRC

(inherited knocked out in FAP)

Front 136

tumor suppressor BRCA1:

gene product =

associated tumors =
(2)

Back 136

DNA repair prot;

BC and Ovarian cancer

(same for BRCA2)

Front 137

tumor suppressor CPD4/SMAD4:

gene product =

associated tumor =

Back 137

DPC (Deleted in Pancreatic Cancer);

pancreatic CA

Front 138

tumor suppressor DCC:

gene product =

associated tumor =

Back 138

DCC (Deleted in Colon Cancer);

CRC

Front 139

tumor suppressor MEN1: associated tumor =

Back 139

MEN type 1

(pituitary tumor, pancreatic (endocrine) tumor, PT gland tumor

Front 140

tumor suppressor NF1:

gene product =

associated tumor =

Back 140

RAS GTPase activating prot. (neurofibromin);

NeuroFibromatosis type 1

Front 141

tumor suppressor NF2:

gene product =

associated tumor =

Back 141

Merlin (schwannomin) protein;

NeuroFibromatosis type 2

Front 142

tumor suppressor p16:

gene product =

associated tumor =

Back 142

cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A;

melanoma

Front 143

tumor suppressor p53:

gene product =

associated tumors =
(2)

Back 143

TF for p21, which blocks G1 to S phase;

most human cancers, esp. of Li-Fraumeni syndrome

Front 144

tumor suppressor PTEN: associated tumors =

(3)

Back 144

BC, prostate CA, endometrial CA

Front 145

tumor suppressor Rb:

associated tumors =
(2)

Back 145

inhibits E2F; blocks G1 to S phase

RetinoBlastoma, osteosarcoma

Front 146

tumor suppressor TSC1:

gene product =

associated tumor =

Back 146

hamartin prot;

Tuberous Sclerosis

Front 147

tumor suppressor TSC2:

gene product =

associated tumor =

Back 147

tuberin prot;

Tuberous sclerosis

Front 148

tumor suppressor VHL:

gene product =

associated dz =

Back 148

inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor 1a;

VHL dz

Front 149

tumor suppressor WT1:

gene product =

associated tumor =

Back 149

Wilms Tumor (nephroblastoma)

(same for WT2)

Front 150

9 oncogenic microbes:

Back 150

1. EBV

2. HBV

3. HCV

4. HHV-8 (Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus)

5. HPV

6. H. pylori

7. HTLV-1

8. Liver fluke (Clonorchis sinensis)

9. Schistosoma haematobium

Front 151

cancers associated with EBV:

(4)

Back 151

1. Burkitt lymphoma

2. Hodgkin lymphoma

3. nasopharyngeal CA

4. Primary CNS lymphoma (in imm-comp)

Front 152

cancer associated with HBV, HCV:

(1)

Back 152

HCC

Front 153

cancers associated with HHV-8:

(2)

Back 153

1. Kaposi sarcoma

2. body cavity fluid B-cell lymphoma

Front 154

cancers associated with HPV:

(2)

Back 154

1. cervical and penile/anal CA (16,18)

2. head and neck/throat cancer

Front 155

cancers associated with H. pylori:

(2)

Back 155

1. gastric adenoCA

2. MALT

Front 156

cancers associated with HTLV-1:

(2)

Back 156

1. adult T-cell leukemia

2. adult T-cell lymphoma

Front 157

cancer associated with liver fluke (Clonorchis sinensis):

(1)

Back 157

cholangiocarcinoma

Front 158

cancer associated with Schistosoma haematobium:

(1)

Back 158

bladder cancer (SCC)

Front 159

12 carcinogens:

Back 159

1. aflatoxins (from Aspergillus)

2. alkylating agents

3. aromatic amines

4. arsenic

5. asbestos

6. CCL4

7. cigarette smoke

8. ethanol

9. ionizing radx

10. nitrosamines (smoked food)

11. radon

12. vinyl chloride

Front 160

target organ and resulting cancer due to aflatoxins (from Aspergillus):

Back 160

liver;

HCC

Front 161

target organ and resulting cancer due to alkylating agents:

Back 161

blood;

leukemia/lymphoma

Front 162

target organ and resulting cancer due to aromatic amines (eg. benzidine, 2-naphthylamine):

Back 162

bladder;

transitional cell CA

Front 163

3 target organs and 3 resulting cancers due to arsenic:

Back 163

liver, lung, skin;

angiosarcoma, lung cancer, SCC

Front 164

target organ and resulting cancer due to asbestos:

Back 164

lung;

bronchogenic CA > mesothelioma

Front 165

target organ and 2 results due to CCL4:

Back 165

liver;

centrilobular necrosis, fatty change

Front 166

6 target organs of cig smoke:

Back 166

1. bladder

2. esophagus

3. kidney

4. larynx

5. lung

6. pancreas

Front 167

6 resulting cancers from cig smoke:

Back 167

1. transitional cell carcinoma of bladder

2. SCC *or* adenoCA of esophagus

3. RCC

4. SCC of larynx

5. SCC and small cell CA of lung

6. pancreatic adenoCA

Front 168

target organ and resulting cancer due to ethanol (alcohol):

Back 168

liver;

HCC

Front 169

target organ and resulting cancer due to ionizing radx:

Back 169

thyroid;

Papillary Thyroid CA

Front 170

target organ and resulting cancer due to nitrosamines (smoked foods):

Back 170

stomach;

gastric cancer

Front 171

target organ and resulting cancer due to radon:

Back 171

lung;

lung cancer (2nd leading cause after smoking)

Front 172

target organ and resulting cancer due to vinyl chloride:

Back 172

liver;

angiosarcoma

Front 173

6 hormones/agents associated with paraneoplastic syndrome:

Back 173

1. 1,25-OH (Vit. D)

2. ACTH

3. ADH

4. AB's against presynaptic Ca2+ channels at NMJ
(Lambert-Eaton)

5. EPO

6. PTHrp

Front 174

effect and 2 associated neoplasms of Vit. D in paraneoplastic syndrome:

Back 174

hypercalcemia;

Hodgkin lymphoma, some non-Hodgkin lymphomas

Front 175

effect and associated neoplasms of ACTH in paraneoplastic syndrome:

Back 175

Cushing Syndrome;

small cell CA

Front 176

effect and 2 associated neoplasms of ADH in paraneoplastic syndrome:

Back 176

SIADH;

small cell CA, intracranial neoplasms

Front 177

effect and associated neoplasms of AB's against presynaptic Ca2+ channels at NMJ in paraneoplastic syndrome:

Back 177

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
(muscle weakness);

small cell CA

Front 178

effect and 6 associated neoplasms of EPO in paraneoplastic syndrome:

Back 178

polycythemia;

1. RCC

2. thymoma

3. hemangioblastoma
(tumor of CNS, MA adult)

4. HCC

5. leiomyoma

6. Pheo

Front 179

effect and 3 associated neoplasms of PTHrp in paraneoplastic syndrome:

Back 179

hypercalcemia;

1. SCC of lung

2. RCC

3. BC

Front 180

psammoma bodies =

Back 180

concentric, calcific spherules

Front 181

PSaMMoma bodies are seen in:

(4)

Back 181

1. Papillary CA of thyroid

2. Serous cystadenoCA of ovary

3. Meningioma

4. Mesothelioma

Front 182

6 m.c. primary tumors that mets to brain, in order:

Back 182

lung > breast > GU > osteosarcoma > melanoma > GI

Front 183

half of all brain tumors are:

Back 183

mets

- well-circumscribed, at junction of gray/white matter

Front 184

3 m.c. primary tumors that mets to liver, in order:

Back 184

colon >> stomach > pancreas

Front 185

after the regional LN's, ____________ and __________ are the m.c. sites of mets

Back 185

liver and lung

Front 186

4 m.c. primary tumors that mets to bone, in order:

Back 186

prostate and breast > lung > thyroid

Front 187

bone mets are MUCH m.c. than:

Back 187

primary bone tumors

Front 188

mets to bone have predilection for:

Back 188

AXIAL skeleton

Front 189

bone cancer that mets to prostate is:

Back 189

blastic

- that mets to breast, = lytic and blastic

Front 190

3 permanent tissues that have NO stem cells and so CANNOT have hyperplasia:

Back 190

1. cardiac myocytes

2. skeletal muscle

3. nerves

(=> only hypertrophy)

Front 191

BPH does NOT increase the risk of:

Back 191

cancer

Front 192

what's the only kind of metaplasia that doesn't increase risk of cancer?

Back 192

apocrine metaplasia

Front 193

deficiency in ________ can result in metaplasia:

Back 193

Vit A

- nec. to maintain squamous epithelium in surface of the eye

- deficiency => metaplasia => thickening of the corneal layer (keratomalacia)

Front 194

example of mesenchymal tissue undergoing metaplasia:

Back 194

myositis ossificans

= presence of bone within skeletal muscle

**NOT osteosarcoma** - bone of myositis ossificans is distinct from nl bone

Front 195

dysplasia is reversible, but if stress persists, it progresses to:

Back 195

carcinoma (irreversible)

(the irreversibility is the biggest difference between CA with dysplasia and a carcinoma)