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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Censorship
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The removal or suppression of entire objects consider to be objectionable
According to art, movies, music, etc.: Supervision of one individual or group of artistic expression over another individual group -prevents the artist from making or showing work at it's most aggressive |
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What is the Proper Way to Display the American Flag? by Scott Tyler 1989
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-a student at the Chicago Art Institute when he exhibited the painting
-it opened in February 1989 -4 days later the show closed -reopened a week later -a Virginia teacher walked on the flag and was arrested -his wok was all about legitimacy of censorship |
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Graphic Design
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To create a visual image that is suppose is combined with word and image
-it is suppose to entice the consumer to buy -is the visual arm of the marketing department Goals -communicate the image quickly and effectively about an event or product -strive for a clean design, something eye catching -it is suppose to catch your attention quickly -the challenge is to reach everyone, not everyone speaks English, so the graphic designer has to find a an universal language |
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Logo
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A visual representation of a company or institution
-overtime a company will redesign their logo -Once a company has a logo they must then have an add campaign -Then there has to be a symbol -the symbol can mean different things in a culture |
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Type/Typeface
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Letters (font/typeface)
-it is suppose to communicate something different to the viewer by the way it looks |
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Layout
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Blueprint for a printed magazine, textbook, catalog, newspaper, etc.
-Layout artist design what each of the pages will look like |
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Motion Graphics
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Moving images for a marketing ad
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Illustration
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A drawn, printed, digital image
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Comic Books/ Graphic Novels
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Comic Books
-extremely popular, came in printed form during the 19th century -Created in Europe -Sold at newsstands for a nickel -Were meant to be thrown away -Printed from comic scripts -1930s comic books had a new story that drove sales -Reoccuring characters -superman 1930's -first reoccurring character 1938 in a comic book Graphic Novel A story that is entirely illustrated -development of a comic book -mid 80s the rise of the graphic novel -designed for the mature audience -subject matter tended to be more griddy and violent -painted on high quality paper -the cover is hardback -range between $12-$35 or more -graphic novels are for those who are going to appreciate the art -These are to be read over and over and to be collected |
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Superman
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-Started off as a reoccurring character in a comic book
-Joe Shuster the illustrator -Jerry Siegel author |
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Arkham Asylum Printed by Dave MacKean 1989
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This is the location of all Batman's foes
-was the first hardback book |
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Writer Artist
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A graphic novelist writes the story then illustrates it
-close relationship between text and image ex. Superman Peace on Earth |
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Function
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How a work is used or the purpose of the work
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Additive Process
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-starts with a frame work (metal or clay core) if it is small they do not need a frame
-as artist works they add more material to the sculpture -two types of additive processes modeling and assembling |
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Graphic Designers
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Andy Wharthall
-fine/pop artist -took everyday items and scanned them on a large scale -critics say that criticizing the consumer market -straddling fine art and graphic design Barbara Kruger -started out as an art designer then went to fine art -uses magazine text -worked at a magazine for a long time -using language that is used in a magazine |
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Superman Peace on Earth, 1999
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-example of writer artist close relationship between text and image
-Alex Ross did the illustration (water paint) |
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Modeling (additive process)
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-manipulation of plastic material (clay, wax, etc.)
-common material used in modeling is clay -readily available -extremely versatile -inexpensive -works with tools easily -Once finished it needs to be fired in a Kiln -if it air dries it cracks -once fired it can not be fixed -clay modeling can be used in prepartory technique used in animation -can be scanned into a computer -Marquette- clay study for a work in another material |
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Kiln
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an ancient oven used to bake clay
1200-2700 |
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Tera Cotta
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Clean that has been fired
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Assembling (additive process)
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artist takes individual pieces and attaches them together
Louise Novelson -20 century artist -distinctive work -walked around the streets of NY ans picked up things and brought them home -father owned a lumber yard so he grew up playing with wood -uses wood most of the time David Smith -major artist of the 20th century -almost all his work was made from assembling -He used a lot of geometric shapes that are steel wielded together -he wanted his work to be displayed outside so that they could blaze in the sunlight |
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found objects
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describes art created from the undisguised, but often modified, use of objects that are not normally considered art, often because they already have a non-art function.
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casting
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-invovles a mold of some kind, into which liquid or semi-liquid material is poured and allowed to harden
-bronze is the most common technique used for sculpture -heated to a molted state and then poured into a mold -can get into all the crevices because it is a liquid extreme detail can be created -Greeks were the first to use it in the west -Romans added gold leaf Benefits of Bronze -durable -can only be destroyed and melted-down -self-supporting material |
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Patina
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natural aged layer added on top of the bronze, the surface is oxidized (light green)
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lost-wax casting (cire perdue)
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is the process by which a brass or bronze sculpture is cast from an artist's sculpture.
Artist George Siegal -uses a lot of black and white -uses resin DeWayne Hanson -uses real people for his casting -uses resin -apart of the "super realist" artist can be mistaken as real -pit caster over the person face |
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investment casting
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series of identical works
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Benvenuto Cellini, Perseus
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-made of bronze
-16 century -In his Bronze "Persueus and Medusa", Benvenuto Cellini depicts the scene from Greek Mythology as described in Ovid's Metamorphoses. The eighteen feet Perseus is standing as if at an end of a walk, in his right hand is his swords and in his left hand held up high is the severed head of Medusa. On his feet is his symbol – the small winged sandals, given to him by Hermes (the wings are also duplicated on his head). |
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Subtractive Practice
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removing material from the block they started with
-materials used when wood is used (knives, chisel, hammer, gouaches (small tools)) -materials used with marble (hammer and chisel) -Most famous artist is Michangelo |
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Freestanding (in the round)
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-work can be viewed from any angle, for it is finished on all sides
-made of multiple castings -sculpture sacrifices themselves for the common good -Rodin most famous for this |
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Contrapposto (counter balance)
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-This when the body is shaped like an "s"
-The weight rest on the left foot , so the left hip is raised and his right leg is bent and relaxed -Greeks have distinctive stance for their standing figures |
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relief sculpture
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-a sculpture in which forms project from but remain attached to the background surface
-work that is not freely standing, has one primary view point (the front) |
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Low relief
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figures projects from the background slightly
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high relief
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a sculpture in which forms project more boldly from the background.
-generally project at least half their depth |
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environmental sculpture
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sculpture large enough to create their own environment
ie The Gates |
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Earth Art
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uses the surface of the earth
-shaping the earth physically and covering the earth ie mount rushmore |
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earthenware
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is a common ceramic material, which is used extensively for pottery tableware and decorative objects
ie flower pot -red or brown clay -fired at the lowest temperature 1200 degrees -glaze water proof earthenware |
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glaze
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-material that is painted on glass-like material to make water proof or decorative appeal to material
-after the glaze is painted on it is stuck in the kiln |
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stoneware
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-Stoneware is a stronger clay that is fired to a high temperature (about 2185 degrees Fahrenheit) and becomes vitreous.
-brown or grayish in color -most dinner ware is made of this |
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Porcelain
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-fine white clay
-when it hardens it makes china -high quality clay -highest firing 2500 degrees -hollow inside |
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pinching
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-shape with hands only
-make of the artist is left (hand prints) -how refined the clay is depends on the artist -early form |
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slab construction
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-rolling out a sheet of clay
-then it is cut after it is rolled out -the clay is damp -requires very little tools -make geometric shapes and right angels |
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coiling
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-produce a hollow form
-pile clay on top of each other -smooths out coils -produces very thin clay items -used by native americans -Maria martinez brought coiling back |
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extruder
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tool that perfect shapes pieces of clay
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potter's wheel
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-invented in egypt
-fastest way to make a hollow item out of clay -can only get organic forms (no points or corners) -it was just a foot pedal before, now it electric what does a potter wheel look like: -has a vertical shaft -on top of the shaft is a round disk (where the clay goes) -hands need to be moist to shape clay -hands are the primary tool -one hand on the inside and one on the outside |
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throwing
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making an item on a potter wheel
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glass
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-the composition varies depending on culture and time period
-sycla is the main ingredient in glass (type of sand) -most fragile -other additions of elements will change color, melting point, and durability -Made molten because of heat -can be heated or color does not change chemical property -have to have a heat source -quick decisions have to be made, cools quickly. |
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blow pipe
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A long, narrow iron pipe used to gather, work, and blow molten glass
-heated at 2500 degrees |
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cames
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A came is a divider bar used between small pieces of glass to make a larger glazing panel, sometimes referred to as leaded glass.
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Chartres Cathedral, France, early 13th century
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interiors of the new cathedral was illuminated by hundreds of jewel-like windows
-light was viewed as a spiritually transforming substance |
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armature
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an underlying, unseen, supporting component (usually of wood or metal) for something else. Armatures are useful in sculpture, lost-wax casting (to help make the initial model three-dimensional) and even stop-motion animation puppets.
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repousse
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Formed in relief, as a pattern on metal.
Repoussé work ornamentation of metal in relief by pressing or hammering on the reverse side. |
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enamel
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-A vitreous, usually opaque, protective or decorative coating baked on metal, glass, or ceramic ware
-A coating that dries to a hard glossy finish |
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cloisonné
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-French for "cell"
-thin wires are applied to form raised barriers, which contain different areas of enamel applied above the original metal form. -An ancient metalworking technique, it is a multi-step enamel process used to produce jewelry, vases, and other decorative items. |
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Fiber art
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Fiber art is a style of fine art which uses textiles such as fabric, yarn, and natural and synthetic fibers. It focuses on the materials and on the manual labour involved as part of its significance.
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Weaving
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-is a textile craft in which two distinct sets of yarns or threads are interlaced to form a fabric or cloth.
-common use of fiber art -done on a wooden loom |
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loom
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wooden object that makes cloth mechnically
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warp
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one set of fibers are held together tightly
-done on a vertical loom |
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weft
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threads are freely muniplated back and forth on tight threads
-bunched up spots create color |
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tapestry
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-is a form of textile art, woven on a vertical loom. It is composed of two sets of interlaced threads, those running parallel to the length and those parallel to the width
-back is completely finished -reversed of front -luxury items and extremely expensive -popular in the late 1400-1700 -popular in Europe -keeps the cold and hot air out -many kings and queens had these -do not preserve well (burn, bugs eat them) |
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embroidery
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color yawn or thread that is sown on an existing fabric
-has a definite wrong side and right side (suppose to only see the front side) -can get texture |
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Bayeux Tapestry
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-name after the Bayeux cathedral
-was made in 1073-1088 -most famous embroidery -233ft long and 20 inches in height -bands-divided into 3 horizontal three fields -band one depicts the invasion of England -William the conquer took over England -started the feud between France and England -comp temporary event secular not religious (it survived) -depicts real events or everyday life events -gives info about miltary life during the 11th century -it was done by women |
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applique
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pieces of colored clothe cut out and attached together by hand to another piece of frabic
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Bible Quilt
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-made by women (Harriet Powers)
-5ft in height and 8 inches wide -after all the panels are sewed together, she sewed the back and the front together |
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site specific
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the work is specific to that site
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Iconoclasm (image breaking)
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-the destruction of an image, usually used toward religious imagery
ie Buddhas |
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shell system
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One building material that provides support for the building and exterior
-ie Monticello -brick is common ie cabins and igloos |
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Skeleton and Skin
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-Material that holds up building creates a skeleton for building, the skin does not hold any weight it is the exterior (glass or steel)
-popular during the 19th century -mass production of nails and creation of makes this possible |
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tinsel strength
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ability of a material to spend horizontal distance with minimum support underneath
-steel high tinsel strength -brick low tinsel strength |
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load-bearing construction (stacking and piling building)
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-simplest method of making a building
-the builder constructs walls by piling layer upon layer upon, starting at the bottom and gets thinner as it reaches the top, usually tapering inward near the highest point ie pyramids of Gza |
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Pyramids of Gza
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-was the tallest structure in the world till the effiel tower
-method used to make it had no windows -stable way of building because all the weight was at the bottom -stone brick or adobe (mud brick and straw ) -interior was dark |
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Post and lintel construction
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post and lintel construction
-based on two vertical post -lintel is the top -post is the bottom -ex. Stonehenge -needs to be spaced out according to the stencil strength -wood and stone is usually use -strength is not that strong -Greeks used it a lot |
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Greek orders
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Doric
-no base -shaft that is wide -capital-it is the simplest looking capital out of the three orders -architrave above the capital Ionic -second order -slender -had a base -capital looks like horns Corinth -the most decorative of the three -has a narrow shaft -has a base the capital looks really fancy compared to the other three -the three designs were never mixed |
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Iktinus and Kallikrates, Parthenon
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-built in the post and lintel system
-optical refinements -adjustments made to counteract optical illusions -ex. use measurement in entasis (columns are expnanded in the center looks like pinching) |
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entasis
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columns are expanded in the center looks like pinching
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Optical refinements
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It was built at odd angles to make it appear more perfect. What we see when a building is built using straight lines is a vanishing point, which causes the building to look as though it is shrinking into the distance. The Parthenon was built to appear perfectly rectangular, even when viewed from a distance.
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arch (compression and tension)
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a curved masonry construction for spanning an opening, consisting of a number of wedgelike stones, bricks, or the like, set with the narrower side toward the opening in such a way that forces on the arch are transmitted as vertical or oblique stresses on either side of the opening.
-tension is the desire for a building want to pull apart -compression the tendency for a building to want to stay together |
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Voussoirs
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the way stones are shaped to make the arch
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keystones
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the last stone put in place on the arch
-usually has a wood center to support the arch |
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Barrel vault
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an arch that has been pulled through spaces
-allows large interior spaces -ex the church of saint faith |
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Romanesque period
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-1050-1120 in Western Europe
-ex Saint-Foy -Builders set set a stone barrel vault as a ceiling over the nave, this will hide the roof structure from view |
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Gothic Period
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-1140-1300 Western Europe
-ex Reims cathedral -Building fancier buildings with no columns -came after the Romanesque period |
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fly buttresses
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used as a support outside the building
-moves the support down to the ground -it works through tension and repression |
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Dome
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bunch of arches formed in a circle
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Dome on pendentives
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is a constructive device permitting the placing of a circular dome over a square room or an elliptical dome over a rectangular room.
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Cast-iron construction
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-made in the 19th century
-iron was developed as a support on buildings |
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crystal palace 1851
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-ex. of cast-iron construction
-first building built used by iron -built in high park, London -built for the use of exhibit for prints -looked like a greenhouse because he built greenhouses -skin was made out o glass -covered by 17 arches of land 108ft tall -burnt up in a fire in 1936 -the begin of skyscrappers -showed that as long as you have a strong support the skin can be anything |
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Effiel tower
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-built in the 19th century
-in paris -built to to be the center piece for the world fair -made of all iron, no skin -showed that metal can be pretty you do not need a skin -industrial revolution, this building would have not been built |
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steel
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a mixture of metals
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Steel-Frame Construction
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-strong tensil strength
-made up of iron and carbon -the begin of steel started in the 19th century -Skeleton and skin arrangement -The building is first erect from a stage cage that is capable of sustaining the weight of building, then the skin is added of some other material ex Louis Sullivan Wainwright Building 1890 St.Louis, Mo |
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Steel-Frame Construction
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-strong stencil strength
-made up of iron and carbon -the begin of steel started in the 19th century |
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Balloon Frame construction
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-Started by the mass production of nails
-Influenced by milling and lumber -Can put as much windows as you want -Skeleton and skin -Nailing together sturdy light weight boards |
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International style
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Style was popular during the -1950s -1960s
-Born in Europe -Emphasized clean lines, -geometric form and the evidence of superficial decoration -Reflects whatever is around it -Ex Seagram Building 1958, Ludwig Vander Row |
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Suspension bridges
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Developed during the 19th century
Bridges are built off tension Built with pylons that go deep into the ground, helps hold the bridge together -ex Golden Gate Bridge San Fransisco, CA 1937 |
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Ferroconcrete
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-reinforced concrete
-Iron contributes to the tensile strength, while concrete provides shape and surface -ex of a shell -Sydney Opera-house Sydney, Australia 1959-1972 -entertain complex |
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Geodesic Domes
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-was developed by R.Buckminster Fuller
-Bubble created by a network of metal rods -three d triangles -2500ft in diameter U.S. Pavilion, World Expo 1967 Montreal, Canada -reinterpretation architecture from ancient Rome and Greece -symmetrical building -Dome retounda -Open in 1941 |
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Chrysler Building 1930
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-William Van Allen designed this building
-commercial structure -first office building over a 100 feet -built in art deco |
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Art Deco
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-geometric patterns
-stylized, organic shapes -extensive use of metal -surface glitz highly reflective -rich wood surfaces -industrial age is celebrate (emphasis on metal) |
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Postmodern
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-1980's
-lines are irregular layering of shapes organic and geometric shapes -have to walk around to see building has multi-angles -ex Team Disney Building 1991 |
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National Gallery of Art 1937-1941 John Russell Pope
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-the museum was gift to the nation from a banker and industrialist Andrew Mellon
-he not only engaged the architecture and funding for the construction he also donated his own personal collection to the museum -neoclassical style which is style based on the vocabulary of ancient Greek and Roman architecture |
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I.M. Pei East buidling of the National art gallery
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-1978
-construction post-tensioned concrete, stone cladding -administrative offices |
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domestic architecture
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-architecture of spaces in which we live in
-ex home and apartments |
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Gaudi Casa Mila Barcelonia, Spain 1905-1907
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-No straight lines
-Wants building to look organic and structural |
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Safdie Habitat Montreal, 1967
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Built for the world fair
Apartment complex 158 apartments 350 squares with reinforced concrete number cubes, the size of each apartment varies |
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Philip Johnson the glass house New Canaan, CT
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-No privacy
-he asked what is a house? -roof and climate control -international style -keen on placement |
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Frank Lloyd wright Kaufman House aka falling Water Bear Run, Pa 1936-1937
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-first artitechure to use cantilever
-master of domestic architecture in the 20th century -built for the Kaufman family -worked under Louie Sullivan (Chrysler building) -goal was to create a harmony between structure and architecture -house built of stone and reinforced concrete -floor plans are open -space is divided by the furniture he wanted total control over the project inside and outside |
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cantilever
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beam supported by one end
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Rural Studio, Bryant House Meson Bend, Al 1994
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-Built by architectural students at the University of Auburn
-Went out to rural al an designed homes for under privilege families -Used architectural principals -Cost $16, 500 to build |
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Julie Morgan Casa Grande San Simeon, CA 1922-1937
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-The house was built for William Randolph Hersch
-Only American female architect to graduate from architectural school in Paris -Had to figure out how to get the materials to the site -Had 3 Mediterranean style guest houses, pool, newspaper office, private zoo -Casa Grande was the main house 100 rooms |
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Rich Morris Hunt Baltimore Estate Asheville,NC 1888-1895
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-125000 acres
-largest home in America -supported the community -George Vanderbilt is who the house is made for -Fredrick Law Olmsted designed the grounds |
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environmental design
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large scale planning to improve and control the aesethics and functional qualities in the setting we live in
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library at University of Virginia at Charlotesville Thomas Jefferson 1817-1826
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built from brick and wood look like Pythenon
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green architecture
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useful and functional without threatening the environment
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Fox and Fowle architects The Conde Nast Building four times square, NY 1999
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-11th tallest in the building in New York
-43rd tallest building in the world -in 1990 the tallest green building -conserved energy and recycled recycled all left over material -glass is treated to keep air from escaping (insulated) -uv protection biodegradable and renewable -used materials treated with non toxic chemicals -energy efficient used solar energy |
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Shigeru Ban Japan Pavilion built for the Expo 2000 Hanover, Germany
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-Featured innovations from japan
-50ft tall and 115ft long made out of 100% recycleable material -98% paper -floor made of wood crates made of sand reinforced with steel |
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Vietnam Memorial 1982 Mya Lin
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-Yale student
-No soldiers controversial or figurative work -Two granite slabs -Walls measure 190ft -Wanted them polished and reflective -Every name has equal weight -Envisioned the memorial being a slice in the ground -Nicknamed "the wall" seen as disrespectful to those who died -Called her a racist |
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Fredrick Hart
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-Added bronze soldiers that stands opposite to the monument
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