Ethics Applied Final

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code of ethics

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a written set of principals and rules intended to serve as a guideline for determining appropriate ethical behavior for those individuals under its authority.

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basic level

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represents behavior within the letter of the law

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currently attainable level

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represents the behavior normally exhibited by individuals

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practical level

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represents behavior that can be achieved the majority of the time through diligent effort

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theoretical level

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represents the ethical ideal

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discrimination

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an act or pattern of acts that irrationally deny opportunities or benefits to persons solely based

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employee rights

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basic human rights and the civil rights of all citizens of the United states as applied to employed workers; such rights include but are not limited to, nondiscrimination, privacy, freedom of expressions, and assembly

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employee welfare

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refers to the employers obligation to provide and maintain a safe and healthy work environment. employees also have obligations to work safely and to protect themselves and their co-workers from harm

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employee dignity

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referrers to the employers moral obligation to respect the humaniyt of its individual employees by avoiding abusive or degrading treatment including physical or psychological harassment and to honor the personhood of each employee

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employee integrity

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refers to employers obligation to refrain from asking employees to violate laws of accept ethical standards, and should provide channels through which employees may question and criticize company decisions and policies without fear or retaliation

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nepotism

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favoritism toward relatives;the hiring, retaining, or promoting of relatives over others who may be more qualified

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cronyism

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favoritism toward friends; the systematic hiring, retaining, and promoting of friends who can be counted on for loyal support

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EEOC

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Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. handle the complaints of employees

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OSHA

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To prevent injuries

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Sarabanes-Oxley Act

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requires all publicly help companies to establish and maintain internal audit departments

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Family Leave Act

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1992, requires companies with more than 50 employeesto grant unpaid leave of absence of up to six months for care of new babies, sick children, or elderly parents

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Whistle blower

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an employee or officer of any institution, profit or nonprofit, private or public, who believes either that he/she has obtained knowledge that the institution is engaged with bad things

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Quid Pro Quo

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arises when an employee is given to understand that the likelihood that he or she will advance in the company or in his or her career is conditional upon a favorable response to sex-laden suggestions by superiors

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Hostile Environment

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the creation of a workplace environment which is intimidating or hostile even though in some cases no economic harm occurs

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Federal Employee Polygraph Protection Act (1992)

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prohibits private employers (except security firms and drug companies) from using polygraphs in pre-employment testing

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Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA)

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Changes federal law with the primary purpose of making health coverage more widely available, increasing employees privacy of health information, and reducing possible discrimination based on health conditions unless the entire employee population is excluded from coverage

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cyber ethics

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an embryonic discipline in which standards are applied to the use of computers

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piracy

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the act of using copyrighted material without paying for it, or making copies for resale without permission

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plagiarism

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the act of appropriating another's writing or works and making use of them without giving credit to the originator of the ideas or work

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copyright

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the specific rights than an author or creator of a work has that expresses ownership of the work

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hacking

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the act of electronically breaking into another computer without permission or authorization

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SPAM

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unsolicited emails and advertisements delivered to computer users via the internet

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computer virus

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a computer program created to invade other computers to cause some desired result

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shareware

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acquiring to use a program not own it

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freeware

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licenses stipulate that:1. the software is covered by copyright, 2. copies of software can be made for both archival and distribution purposes, but the distribution can not be for profit

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commercial software

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represents the majority of software purchased from software publishers, commercial computer store

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public domain software

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software comes into being when the original copyright holder explicit relinquishes all rights of the software

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virtual communities

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communities on the web

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prudence

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the wise management of resources for the benefit of the whole, including virtues of foresight and frugality

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courage of conscience

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the quality of character that recognizes compromises and does not hesitate to act on a balance of idealism and realism

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truth telling

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official telling of the whole truth to an appropriate authority

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personhood

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a being, potentially belonging to any species, who is a subject of moral concern and who possesses, in particular, a moral right to life

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fetal viability

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the point in a pregnancy at which the fetus can survive outside the womb, usually at the beginning of the third trimester

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conflict of interest

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a type of ethical problem that occures when a person who has made an ethical commitment or promise to act in the interest of another person or group is tempted to violate that promise and act in his or her personal interest instead

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lobbyist

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someone who acts as an agent and represents an organization. the lobbyist job is to meet with legislators and their staff to discuss important issues and pending legislation in which the organization has an interest

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abortion

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the intentional termination of a pregnancy and the expulsion of a fetus from the uterus.

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consciousness

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the capacity to have states of awareness such as states of thinking or felling.

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self-consciousness

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some suggest that what matters is not just a conscious flow of experiences but also having a concept of oneself, being aware of oneself as a separate being that exist over time

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capacity to communicate

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others propose that what makes someone a subject of a moral community is the capacity to communicate with at least another human being

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reasoning

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another possible criterion for being a human is the capacity to reason. individuals must be able to perform complex mathematical computations in oder to merit moral consideration

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social visibility

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a person can be qualified if that individual is part of a larger social group

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capacity to self -motivated activity

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a being can be a human if that being is alive and capable of self-directed movement

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capacity for moral agency

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finally, a being should not be considered a full-fledged member of the moral community unless that being can assume moral responsibilities toward others

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death

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the cessation of human, physical life, as medically determined

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cardiac-oriented definition

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of death holds that individuals are dead when they have irreversibly lost cardiac and respiratory function

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whole-brain-oriented definition

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of death holds that individuals are dead when they have irreversibly lost all functions of the entire brain ( including the respiratory and reflex functions consciousness)

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higher-brain-oriented definition

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of death holds that individuals are dead when they have irreversibly lost all function of the brain (usually defined as all capacity for consciousness)

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euthanasia

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literally "good death"; also known as "mercy killing"; the taking of a life for the purpose of relieving suffering

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killing

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behavior that causes death

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active killing

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causes death by an active intervention onto the causal chain leading to death (cf. passive killing)

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passive killing

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causes death only by omission of actions that could have prevented a death (cf. active killing)

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forgoing life support

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involves withholding or withdrawing of medical interventions that, if provided, are expected to prolong life

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treatment

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medical care expected to produce benefits

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ordinary means

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of treatment are expected to produce benefit that exceeds the harms (formerly determined by how common or complex the treatment was, but now generally believed to be based solely on benefits and harms expected and usually based on the patients own question of the benefits and harms) (cf. extraordinary means)

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extraordinary means

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of treatment are expected to produce benefits that are less than harms or no grater than harms (formerly determined by how common or complex the treatment was, but now generally believed to be based on solely on benefits and harms expected and usually based on the patients own quantification of the benefits and harms) (cf. ordinary means)

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the Terri Schavo case

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when the cerebrum (the "thinking" part of the brain ceases to function, even though the brain stem (the body-regulating part) still function

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suicide

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if the individual who ends up dying is the one who acts-who points the gun at his pr her own head or intentionally swallows a large dose of Phenobarbital hoping to end his or her life

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assisted suicide

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if someone assist by bringing the gun to the patient, helping aim it or loading the gun

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homicide on request

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if the patient begs someone else to shoot them or to administer the lethal drug

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proportionality

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usefulness and grave burden

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advance directive

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a legal document (as a living will) signed by a competent person in order to provide guidance for medical and health-care decisions in the event the person becomes incompetent to make such decisions

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substantive directive

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a document that specifies a patients substantive wishes, and tells what treatments the individual wants or doesn't want

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proxy directive

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a document that names the individual whom the patient would like to serve as a surrogate decision maker

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living will

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permits people to indicate they do not want certain things done after death

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crime

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behavior that a society has judged to be intolerable, and against which it has devised codified sanction

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punishment

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the intended infliction of pain or loss upon a person by a duty constituted authority, as a result of some apparent misdeed the person has committed

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deterrence

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the goal of social punishment of preventing future crimes

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specific deterrence

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the goal of social punishment of preventing future crimes by the person being punished

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prevention

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the goal of social punishment of preventing the person being punished from committing future crimes by denying the person any opportunity to do so

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rehabilitation

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the goal of social punishment of preventing the person being punished to make changes in a persons life that would make them less likely to commit crimes when they return to society

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abolitionism

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the pont of view that the death penalty is not morally justifiable and should be abolished

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retentionism

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the point of view that the death penalty is morally justifiable and should be retained

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strong retribution

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punishment must be equal to the crime commited

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proportional retribution

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wrongdoers deserve to be punished in proportion to what they did wrong.

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natural rights theory

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emphasizes the exclusive protection of and reliance upon basic human rights. john locke's key principle is the fundamental duty to avoid violating the rights of others

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utilitarianism

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emphasizes the aim of producing the grates possible good for the greatest possible number.