Entomology Exam 2

Front 1

phytophagy

Back 1

eating of plants

Front 2

Why are bees good pollinators?

Back 2

1. scopae: long/dense hairs collect pollen

2. corbiculae: pollen basket on tibia

3. expandable crop: holds more nectar

Front 3

Why is it beneficial for insects to be host-specific? (Pollination)

Back 3

1. Cross pollination = increased genetic diversity

2. More efficient than wind pollination

3. Insects can learn flowers to visit

4. Increase efficiency of collection of resources

Front 4

How do plants defend against herbivory?

Back 4

1. Antixenosis: repels/fails to attract (eg trichomes)

2. antibiosis: reduces fitness

3. tolerance: extra seeds, rapid healing, etc

4. chemical: constitutive or induced

Front 5

Predatory adaptations

Back 5

1. large eyes

2. chewing mouthparts

3. raptorial forelegs

4. extra-oral digestion

Front 6

Common endoparasites

Back 6

1. Diptera (flies)

2. Strepsiptera

3. Hymenopterta (wasps)

Front 7

Common ectoparasites

Back 7

1. Phthiraptera (lice)

2. Siphonaptera (fleas)

Front 8

Parasitoid hymenpotera evolutionary strategies

Back 8

1. Hyperparasitism

2. Superparisitism (many parasites, 1 host)

3. polyembryony (1 egg, multiple larvae)

Front 9

Properties that facilitate insects as vectors

Back 9

1. piercing-sucking mouthparts

2. deification while feeding

3. anesthetics in saliva

4. sensing appropriate hosts

5. well adapted for living w/humans

Front 10

Common insect pests

Back 10

1. lepidoptera larvae

2. hemiptera (bugs/aphids)

3. coleoptera (beetles)

4. thysanoptera (thrips)

5. hymenoptera

Front 11

Insect pests

Back 11

damages something of value to humans

Front 12

economic threshold (ET)

Back 12

pest density at which control measures should be applied to prevent EIL

Front 13

economic injury level (EIL)

Back 13

lowest pop level that will cause economic damage

Front 14

how insects become pests

Back 14

1. introduction outside of native range

2. becomes disease vector

3. host shift in native insect

4. agricultural practice (mono)

Front 15

Problems with pesticides

Back 15

1. pests evolve resistance

2. stop being effective

3. kill non-target organisms

Front 16

Integrated Pest Management

Back 16

1. cultural (crop rotation, trap crop, destroy residue)

2. mechanical: handpicking, sticky traps

3. chemical: natural/synthetic, entry into insect inhale/digest, sex pheromones

4. host-plant resistance: natural resistance

5. regulatory control: prevention of entry

Front 17

Features that make insects vulnerable to extinsion

Back 17

1. poor dispersers

2. low genetic variability

3. speacialized niche requirements

4. pristine, stable environments

5. no prior contact w/people

6. close related species extinct

Front 18

Why care?

Back 18

Ecosystem services

-dung burial

-pollination

-pest control

-recreation/commercial fishing

-products

Front 19

Effects of ecosystem services

Back 19

1. Provisional: food, raw material, genetic, pharm

2. cultural: history, identity

3. Supporting: nutrient cycling, soil formation

4. Regulating: pest/disease control

Front 20

Solution to extinction

Back 20

1. restore habitats

2. restore ecosystems

3. focus on marketable groups

4. motivate public

e.g. coral reef commons and miami tiger beetle