Entomology Exam 4 03.27

Front 1

The US has always had a large _____ industry, and is a ___

Back 1

a net exporter of agricultural products

Front 2

government involvement took place in the late ___

Back 2

1800's

Front 3

A tremendous system of government bureaucracy was built to improve and promote agriculture

the _____ of 1862 created land grant colleges with a mission to support agriculture

that same year the ____ was created

the ____ of 1887 established (through land grant colleges) agriculture experiment stations

the _____ of 1914 funded cooperative extension services

Back 3

Morrill act

USDA

Hatch Act

Smith lever act

Front 4

"land grant" because the original financial support for establishing the university was ________.

every us state has at least one such ___

Back 4

a gift of federal land

Ag school

Front 5

these school were organized around academic departments that usually included one called

Back 5

entomology

Front 6

although natural history museums have taxonomically defined administrative units, eg entomology, what firmly establish entomology as a distinct profession in this country?

Back 6

university academic departments

Front 7

for decade a _____ political system kept this going strong

what where its three components

Back 7

mutualistic

ag scientists
commercial companies (pesticide)
crop of commodity association

Front 8

for how long has the old agricultural university model has been breaking up?

Back 8

about a generation

in a way this has been a _____ by university ag scientists,

more _____means less farmers and therefore less ____ and _____

Hint 8

self destruction

efficient agriculture

less political support and fewer college majors

pest control has shift away from heavy use of chemicals, so chemical companies and less enthusiastic

Front 9

typically changes include merging and dropping of old departments
BUT there is also more focus on ...(2 ans)

Back 9

food processing and new consumer desires such as organic produce

Front 10

agricultural entomology is essentially ____ &____

economic loss results from what three things

Back 10

crop and pest control

direct feeding
transmission of plant disease
fouling of the product

*although we focus on agricultural crops, the situation is similar for ornamental plants, forests, stored food

Front 11

a distinction of ofter made between crop ___ &____.

Back 11

injury and damage

the former is the physical or physiological effect on the plant. the latter is the

Hint 11

the reduction of plant usefulness

Front 12

example of contrast between plant injury an damage

the typical amount of feeding by a _________might have little or great concern to the farmer depending on the ___ &___

Back 12

lepidoptera larva

organ and crop

up to 10% defoliation does not reduce ___

Hint 12

potato crop

one worm ruins an apple

Front 13

During of the golder years of _____, pretty much from WWII to the 1960's a standard practice was to simply spray on a regular schedule

Back 13

synthetic pesticide

Front 14

the result of synthetic pesticide (during WWII though 1960's) was high yields at first, followed by big problems including

name three

Back 14

pests developing insecticide resistance

harm to non target species

emergence of new pest because their predators have been wiped out

Front 15

as a side note, probably most of the chemicals applied to crops have been some kind of ____ rather than an ____

Back 15

herbicide

insecticide

Front 16

a big shirt in public perception followed the publication of ____

at the time most people were familiar with the fact some pesticides such as ___produced virtually no mammalian toxicity

Back 16

silent spring by rachael carson in 1962

DDT

Front 17

DDT produces to mammalian toxicity,

this in contrast to many other common classes on insecticide. many of these are general ___ eg____.

the "selective" killing of insects and not humans is a result of our

Back 17

neurotoxins (eg. acetylcholinesterage inhibitor)

our larger size

Front 18

DDT, which interferes with ____ in invertebrates is a _____

such compounds are very slow to degrade in the environment

Back 18

neuron sodium channel function

chlorinated hydrocarbon

Front 19

DDT is a fantastic tool that did a lot of good, looking back though it was far overused. an unanticipated side effect was _______ & _______

Back 19

bioconcentration and interference with bird egg shell production

Front 20

DDT is a fantastic tool that did a lot of good, looking back though it was far overused. an unanticipated side effect was _______ & _______

Back 20

bioconcentration and interference with bird egg shell production

Front 21

other unexpected problems with pesticides
include
name 2

Back 21

evolution of insecticide resistance often lead to resurgence of the original pest.

destruction of non target organisms, including beneficial insects, plus the elimination of the original pest as a competitor, would release an insect not before considered to be pest

Front 22

the ____ is resistant to all major classes of insecticides, and this has been observed around the world

Back 22

colorado potato beetle

Front 23

as it has become increasingly difficult to control CPB, the effort has turned to developing ____

Back 23

resistant plant strains

Front 24

the _______ on citrus, an early biocontrol success, came back after DDT killed its natural enemies

Back 24

cottony cushion scale

Front 25

____ are not going away but legal regulations have become much more strict, and there is a general trend to use less and to be more intelligent about when to apply.

Back 25

pesticides

Front 26

farmers became less inclined to spray on a preset schedule or when any infestation of any level was detected

instead the effort has been to define an _____

Back 26

economic injury level

the is a pest density at which money lost due to the pest equals the cost of available control measures.


the result might be a simple formula

EIL=C/VDK

define the variables

Hint 26

EIL is the pest number per production unit (insect ha minus 1)

C is the cost of control measures per production unit ($ ha)

V is the market value per unit of product ($ per kg )

D is the yield loss per unit number of insects ( kg reduction of crop per n insects)

Front 27

farmers became less inclined to spray on a preset schedule or when any infestation of any level was detected

instead the effort has been to define an _____

Back 27

economic injury level

the is a pest density at which money lost due to the pest equals the cost of available control measures.


the result might be a simple formula

EIL=C/VDK

define the variables

Hint 27

EIL is the pest number per production unit (insect ha minus 1)

C is the cost of control measures per production unit ($ ha)

V is the market value per unit of product ($ per kg )

D is the yield loss per unit number of insects ( kg reduction of crop per n insects)

Front 28

The EIL is a function of the ___ & ___.

because there is time lag between applying a control measure and bringing down pest levels, a farmer usually prefers to act before _____.

that lower pest density is called ______ or _____

Back 28

pest and crop species

pest actually reaches EIL

economic threshold ET or the action threshold

what does GEP represent

Hint 28

Equilibrium population density

Front 29

considerable effort has gone to finding toxins that dont poison every kind of animal. it was not too hard to identify a compound that damages an arthopod but not a mammal or bird

what are examples
2

Back 29

chitin synthesis inhibitors

juvenile harmone mimics

because the insect cannot complete normal development these are called ____

Hint 29

insect growth regulators (IGR)

of course these can still kill non target arthropods, and lead to the evolution of resistance

Front 30

a very handy class of insecticides are protein produced by the ___________

when do they kill

Back 30

bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis BT

only if ingested, and the taxon killed is a function of the BT strain

also a protein breaks down in the environment FASTER than insecticides

Front 31

Bt strains are available for _____

and for _____ example

Back 31

lepidoptera larva

aquatic diaptera larva
mosquitoes

Front 32

genetic engineering made plants that produce their own

Back 32

Bt toxin

Front 33

this is a high tech version of a tradition of breeding crop plants that are ____-

Back 33

themselves more resistant to the pest

Front 34

a potential alternative to pesticide s is _____

what does this manipulate?

Back 34

biocontrol

this is a manipulation of the pests natural enemies to inc mortality

a wide variety of ___ and ___ have been used

other methods include inc the biocontrol agent example:

Hint 34

predators and pathogens

by providing an alternative (nonpest) food source

Front 35

this highlights one reason modern agriculture is susceptible to pest outbreaks _____

Back 35

monoculture

Front 36

a tiny wasp, an egg parasite, cannot survive the entire year on GLH why


other plants wild blackberry and rose, have _____ during the winter, this was found to be a natural source of control

a domestic plant _____ also allows the wasp the overwinter

Back 36

because GLH overwinters as an adult

leaf hopper eggs during the winter

french prune
**planting prunes next to the vineyards reduces use of pesticides for GLH

Front 37

there is a wide variety of non pesticide methods for reducing a pest pop including ..
name 3

Back 37

1 breeding a more resistant plant
2cultural control eg crop rotation
3pheromone base disruption of pest mating of trapping

Front 38

the careful use of all available methods, with the goal of reducing pesticide use (and cost) is called

Back 38

integrated pest management IPM

what is an example

Hint 38

apple orchards

Front 39

formerly a wide variety of pests made alternatives to pesticides difficult to develope

name 2

Back 39

spider mite and predator mite

coddling moth

Front 40

low tolerance to coddling moth led to regular pesticide applications. this killed to predatory mites controlling spider mites leading to what

Back 40

SM outbreaks and more pesticide use