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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Insect Behavior Definintion and 3 Types
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Behavior refers to the observable, coordinated responses an animal makes in response to stimuli
Behavior can be: 1) Instinctive/Innate 2) Learned 3) Combination of both |
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Instinctive/Innate Behavior
Examples? |
preprogrammed pattern of responses to environmental cues
no experience is required to perform behavior even if isolated from same species, it will act the same way usually inflexible, with a given stimulus triggering a response Examples: escaping, mating, egg-laying, orientation, web-spinning in spiders, and specific behavioral sequences in some species |
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Courtship/Mating Behavior is a(an)______ behavior.
Dancefly Courtship Process? |
Innate Behavior
1) Males gives female ball of silk with or without prey 2) She unravels it while he mates with her 3) Diverts her aggressive behavior long enough for him to mate with her |
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Egg-laying is a(an)______ behavior.
Potter Wasp Example? |
Innate Behavior
1) Female builds a pot-like nest made of mud mixed with saliva 2) Within the pot, she lays an egg, paralyzes several caterpillars and places them in the cell with the egg 3) Seals the pot with mud 4) This pattern is not learned, it is pre-programmed, or innate |
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Describe an innate behavior of DIgger-wasps
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1) Digger wasp makes nest to provision with prey so young can develop on it
2) wasp paralyzes a cricket 3) Returns to nest 4) Drops the cricket right outside nest 5) enters nest and "inspects" it 6) retrieves cricket and puts it in nest 7) Lays eggs and larvae develops on cricket mess with wasp by dragging cricket away and elongating the process for the digger wasp. |
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Orientation is a(an)______behavior
Define Kinsesis and Taxis Example of Kinesis? Types of Taxis? |
Innate Behavior
Kinesis- A change in speed of movement or turning that is related to intensity of a stimulus Taxis- A movement directly toward (+) or away from (-) a stimulus. Example of Kinesis: Pillbugs like humid areas and find them by "stumbling" around and slowing its rate of movement in a humid area. they accumulate in areas of high humidity. Types of taxis: 1) Photo-taxis: respond to light 2) Chemo-taxis: respond to chemicals 3) Geo-taxis: respond to gravity |
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Learned Behavior Definition
4 Types? Definitions of the 4 types? |
An adaptive change in behavior as a result of experience.
Types of Learning: 1) Habituation- least complex learning-type. Learning to "ignore" stimuli that are unimportant, irrelevant, or repetitive. example: puff of air on cockroach makes it run, mosquito larvae dive from water surface when they see shadows. If puff of air or shadows continue and nothing bad happens, respective insects will ignore behaviors 2) Imprinting- special learning that occurs early in life and only in short window: "Critical period." Animals acquire lifelong memory of certain stimuli in home environment (taste of host plant, smell of nest, etc.) example: select geese and ducks were found to have a critical period during development: learning to identify theit mothers. late in life, they treat any type of animal that they saw during period as a member of own species. works well because the mother is present during critical period. fruit fly usually hates peppermint odor, but if it is reared on it as a larvae, it will love it as an adult. female larvae that are reared on apple extract want to lay eggs on apples as adult. parasitoid finds host by feces odor. if raised on artificial diet it may not be able to locate a host, 3) |
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Associative Learning Definition
Examples? |
ability to form association between previously meaningless stimuli and reinforcements such as reward or punishment.
Bees and Colors if bee is trained using a red, blue and yellow dish and only the blue dish delivers a nectar reward, the bee will continue to search the blue dish after one try usually Bees trained to assocaite scent of TNT with nectar rewards. will settle on ground that smells like explosives. |
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Latent Learning Definition
Examples |
Memory of patterns with no immediate or apparent reward or punishment associated with the behavior. by learning patterns, an insect can greatly increase its chances or its offspring's chances of survival
Female wasp must remeber surroundings or she wont know where to take food. no evident reward or punishment. uses training flight to learn lcation with landmarks. if landmarks are moved, wasp will be unable to locate its nest |
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Combination of Innate and Learning behavior
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Butterflies want to lay eggs on certain plant (innate behavior)
appropriate plant is determined by key chemical in the plant that the butterfly "tastes" with its feet. many butterflies learn to associate leaf shape with an appropriate host so they don't have to land so often (a learned behavior) |
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Are insects found to be more eusocial or solitary?
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most inspect species are solitary, few are eusocial
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3 Traits of Eusocial Insects
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1) Reproductive division of labor
2)Cooperative brood care 3) Overlapping generations |
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Division of Labor: _____
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Castes" specialized groups within eusocial insects that have different functions within the society
Examples: -reproductive female: ("queen") -reproductive male: ("King" or "drone") -workers -soldier |
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Which groups are eusocial (truly social) insects?
Termites? Ants? Bees? Wasps? Other eusocial animals? Do some live in groups w/o being eusocial? If so, give an example. |
All termites (isoptera)
All ants Small minority of bees and wasps mole rats are eusocial Some insects live in groups without being eusocial. ex. Eastern tent caterpillars, some social spiders, and some aphids |
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Termites (Isoptera)
Are they eusocial? Architecture? Reproductives? Workers? Soldiers? How do colonies form? termites as pests? describe appearance |
Yes, all termites are eusocial
In tropics they farm fungus to build nest which keeps at constant temperature. Reproductive king and queen. -only ones with wings (alaetes) -found new colonies -queen's job: lay eggs -kings job: mate with queen Workers: -sterile males AND females -adults AND nymphs -most numerous in colony -do most of the work: building nest, foraging, feeding and grooming Soldiers: -sterile males AND females -job is to defend the colony from outside enemies -large mandibles to bite and dismember attackers -can't feed themselves, workers feed them instead -some have a chemical defense, have ability to shoot out a sticky substance Spring/summer: swarms of primary reproductives form. swarms mix with swarms from other colonies. land on ground, shed wings, and form pairs. new colonies founded by king and queen. king and queeen stay together and mate repeatedly. perrenial colonies as pests they attack wooden structures and cause millions of dollars in damage a year. extremely important natural recycle-rs straight antennae, wings same size and have broad waist |
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Ants (Hymenoptera)
Are they eusocial? Reproductives Workers? Soldiers? How do ant colonies form? Ants as pests.. |
All ants are eusocial
Queen lays eggs and males (not called kings) are present only during short reproductive period then die. Workers are all sterile adult females (most numerous caste in colony). feed and care for queen and forage great distance from colony utilizing trail pheromones. Soldier ants are sterile females. they defend the nest and use mandibles as form of defense fire ants were imported and bite and sting, while driving out native species of ants |
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Wasps (Hymenoptera)
Are they eusocial? diets? reproductives? workers? how do wasp colonies form? Paper wasps? hornets? yellow jackets? |
all wasps are eusocial
they are all carnivores queen lays and males do nothing but mate and die workers are all sterile females, they enlargew the nest when needed and help larvae eat insects 1 annual colinies: all castes die off in fall except for young, inseminated queens 2 late summer: colony produces queens and males 3 surviving queen starts new colony in the spring paper wasps: umbrella shaped nests under ledges, not very aggressive hornets: large ball is nest, much more dangerous than paper wasps yellow jackets: build nests underground and cause problems and picnics and when mowing the yard |
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Bees
are they eusocial? diet? reproductive honey bees? honey bee workers? HB royal court? formation of honeybee colonies? killer bees. communication among bees? bumble bees? |
small fraction of bees are eusocial: honry bees and bumble bees
diet of nectar and pollen (all BEES) Honey bees: queens lay eggs, drones kept around for emergency mating purposes, mating kills the drone, workers through drones out of hive in fall all HB workers are sterile females and they feed larvae be milk made from pollen, guard hive (defend colony), clean hive and gather nectar and pollen royal court- workers that constantly tend to the queen hive becomes congested, old queen leaves with workers in spring and scouts find nesting sites, new colony founded by large swarm of workers accompanied by the "old queen." new queen emerges in the old nest and kills other new queens. surviving queen leaves hive to mate then returns to take hive over venom NOT more toxic than that of European bees, more defensicve so far more likely to sting, guard hive aggressively with large "alarm zone," react 3X faster to intruders, resistant to bee diseases and parasites in the U.S. most communication is chemical, also communicate with waggle dance, distance is decided by duration waggle, direction is indicated by orientation of dance. quality is determined by the persist-ency of the dancer bumble bees have annual colonies that die off in fall except for young, inseminated queens, a new colony is started from scratch in the spring by each lone queen that has survived the winter. most species build nests in cavities, bumble bees make only small amounts of honey |
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Asexual Reproduction vs Sexual Reproduction
Outbreeding |
Asexual: low genetic variability as they are direct copies of the parents
Sexual: genetic info comes from both parents, fertilization produces a unique individual out breeding: for max. genetic variability, genes should come from two unrelated (or very distant) individuals. rare or bad traits can occur if out breeding is not utilized. example: blue people of KY |
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Pollination
self vs cross pollination corolla calyx stamen pistil pollination process |
transfer of pollen from male flower structure (anther) to female flower structure (stigma).
self pollination is rare and cross pollination is pollen transferred between two different plants (but from the same species) corolla- sum of the petals calyx- sum of the sepals anther + filament = stamen style + stigma + ovary = pistil pollen grain deposited on the stigma, pollen germinates and moves down the style to the ovary. a sperm nucleus from the pollen grain unites with an ovule inside the ovary. each fertilized ovule in the flowers ovary is one potential seed. seed may enlarge and become a fruit |
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Types of flowers and plants:
-Deciduous -monoecious -Hermaphroditic |
deciduous plants ("two houses")- male flowers on some plants and female Flowers on other plant (holly and maryjane) self-incompatibility forces outbreeding
monoecious- plants ("one house") each flower is either male or female, but each plant has both male and female parts. self-incompatibility promotes outbreeding hermaphroditic- each flower has both male and female components, this is, by far, the most common situation (occurs in 95% of flowering plants) because it has either male or female parts, out breeding is key |
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Pollination:
-wind -animal pollination (>70% of flowering plants) -birds, bats and insects pollinia= more than bargained for? |
wind pollinations:
-pollen is small and dry -flowers are not colorful -flowers often petaless -flowes lack odor and nectar -flowers often pendulous ex: grasss, ragweed, oaks, birch trees pollination by birds: flowers orange/red, little or no odor from flower, deep corolla pollination by bats: white, fruity or musky (batty) smell, nectar flows at night pollination by insects: pollen sticky and rough, flowers usually colorful, distinctly odorous: pleasant smell= bees, moths, butterflies, etc. unpleasant smell=flies and beetles pollination results from insects' search for resources: nectar for carbs, pollen for protein and some even gather a sex pheromone from certain flowers pollinia is amass of pollen grains stuck together in one package |
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Insects as Pollinators:
Bees? Butterflies? Moths? hover flies important in____? blowflies: many fly-pollinated flowers smell like _____ or ______. |
bees are most important pollinators, don't see red very well, see blue purple and yellow well, attracted to "sweet" smell
butterflies can see orange/red, weak sense of smell, flowers often in clusters mothss are nocturnal so they are attracted to white/pale flowers, good sense of smell, flowers may only be open at night hover flies important in orchards fly pollinated flowers smell like carrion or dung |
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Nectar Guides
how is honey made? bee pollen collection |
pigmented marks on the petals that direct an insect to the source of the nectar
-honey bees get nectar from flower -return to hive and vomit nectar and transfer it to workers -hive workers add enzymes and regurgitate the necatr into cells in the honeycomb -the nectar is concentrated to <18% water -honey used to survive the winter |
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Pheronomes
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chemical excreted that influences the behavior of individuals from the same species
sex pheromones: -attractants- used for locating mate, identifying mate as member of species, used by over 200 species in 6 orders, -aphrodisiacs- serve as excitant once mate is within range -antiaphrodisiacs- produced by some females after mating to discourage advances by other males (female ground beetle spray acid at males and it to go into a 1-3 hour coma). produced by some males and put on female after mating to keep other males away Aggression Pheromones: used to attract many individuals together (for finding food and/or an overwintering site). -SOuther Pine Beetle: attracted to pine tree and release pheromone. tree can fight off a few beetles but not thousands after a while -Stored-Product Pests: cockroaches and larder beetles find stocked food and alarm others with pheromone of location -Muti-colored ASian Ladybug: released in US to control pests (some now consider it a pest) , overwinter as adults, and males find good sites and produce an aggregation pheromone, congregate on white houses and find cool sites indoors (emerge in spring time) Alarm Pheromones: aphids use it to escape by dropping off plants, ants perceive a threat ad release alarm pheromone (defensive reactions entail) Trail Pheromones: ants and termites use it as a roadmap for colony workers to find food, Eastern tent caterpillar lay TP on silk to help locate branches with abundant leaves |
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Kairomones
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chemical substance produced by on species that induces a response in another species (beneficial to the receiver!!)
ex. sap beetles attracted to sweet plant juices, southern pine beetle attracted to pine tree. dead matter releases odor that beetles and flies are attracted to. ex/ odor in caterpillar shi-t attracts wasps and parasitiods to the caterpillar, many caterpillars use anal comb to shoot sh-it away and rid themselves of chemical signal |
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Allomones
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chemical released by oene species that induces a response in another (benificial to the SENDER!!)
predatory allomone- bolas spider exploit communication of certain mot species illicit sender |
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Synomones
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benficial chemical release to both individuals
pollination: insect is fed and flower is helped |
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