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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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KING JAMES VI OF SCOTLAND/JAMES I OF ENGLAND
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(1603-1625) When Elizabeth died in 1603, the Tudor dynasty died out, and the Stuart line of rulers was inaugurated with the accession of to the throne of Elizabeth’s cousin, King James VI of Scotland. He was the son of Mary Queen of Scots and became James I of England. Although used to royal power as the king of Scotland, James understood little about the laws, institutions, and customs of the English. He espoused the divine right of the kings, the belief that kings receive their power directly from God and are responsible to no one except God.
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PARLIAMENT'S POWER OF THE PURSE
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Because of James’s belief in divine right, the Parliament was alienated and expressed its displeasure with James’s claims by refusing his requests for additional monies needed by the king to meet the increased cost of the government. This power proved to be Parliament’s best trump card in its relationship with the king.
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THE PURITANS
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These were Protestants in the Anglican Church inspired by Calvinist theory who wanted James to eliminate the Episcopal system of church organization used in the Church of England.
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THE GENTRY
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These were well-to-do landowners below the level of the nobility who had become Puritans. These Puritans not only formed an important and substantial part of the House of Commons, the lower house of Parliament, but also held important positions locally as justices of peace and sheriffs. It was not wise to alienate them.
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CHARLES I
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(1625-1649) He was the son of James who disagreed with the Petition Right and, from 1629-1640, pursued a course of personal rule, which forced him to find ways to collect taxes without the cooperation of Parliament.
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PETITION OF RIGHT, 1628/9
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Parliament passed this petition in 1628, which the king was supposed to accept before being granted any tax revenues. This petition prohibited taxation without Parliament’s consent, arbitrary imprisonment, the quartering of soldiers in private houses, and the declaration of marital law in peace-time. Although Charles initially accepted it, he reneged on the agreement because of its limitations on royal power.
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SHIP MONEY
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This was a levy on seacoast towns to pay for coastal defense, which was now collected annually by the king’s officials throughout England and used to finance other government operations besides defense.
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HENRIETTA MARIA
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She was the wife of Charles I and the Catholic sister of Louis XIII of France. Charles’s marriage to her aroused suspicions about the king’s own religious inclinations.
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ARCHBISHOP WILLIAM LAUD
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He and Charles worked together to introduce more ritual into the Anglican Church, which struck the Puritans as a return to Catholic property.
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LONG PARLIAMENT
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In its first session, from November 1640 to September 1641, this took a series of steps that placed severe limitations on royal authority. These included the abolition of arbitrary courts; the abolition of taxes that the king had collected without Parliament’s consent, such as ship money; and the massage of the revolutionary Triennial Act, which specified that Parliament must meet at least once every three years, with or without the king’s consent.
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NEW MODEL ARMY
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This was composed primarily of more extreme Puritans known as the Independents, who believed they were doing battle for the Lord.
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OLIVER CROMWELL
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He was one of the leaders of the New Model Army.
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THE INDEPENDENTS
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Theses were the extreme Puritans who believed they were doing battle for the Lord in the New Model Army.
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RUMP PARLIAMENT AND THE REGICIDE
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The Presbyterian members of Parliament were purged, leaving a Rump Parliament of 53 members of the House of Commons who then tried and condemned the king on the charge of treason.
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THE COMMONWEALTH
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After the death of the king, the Rump Parliament abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords and proclaimed England a republic or commonwealth (1649-1653)
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THE LEVELLERS
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They advocated such advanced ideas as freedom of speech, religious toleration, and a democratic republic, arguing for the right to vote for all male householders over the age of 21. They also called for annual Parliaments, women’s equality with men, and government programs to care for the poor.
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INSTRUMENT OF GOVERNMENT
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This was England’s first and only written constitution. Executive power was vested in the Lord Protector (a position held by Cromwell)and legislative power in a reconstituted Parliament.
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LORD PROTECTOR
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He had all of the executive power in a reconstituted Parliament.
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CHARLES II
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(1660-1685) He was the son of Charles I who returned to England after eleven years of exile. During his rule, Parliament kept much of the power it had won: its role in government was acknowledged, the necessity for its consent to taxation accepted, and arbitrary courts were still abolished. This king continued to push his own ideas and a serious religious problem disturbed the tranquility of his reign. After the retoration of the monarchy, a new Parliament met in 1661 and restored the Anglican church as the official church of England. In addition, laws were passed to force everyone, particularly Catholics and Puritan Dissenters, to conform to the Anglican church. Charles, however, was sympathetic to and perhaps even inclined toward Catholicism.
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DECLARATION OF INDULGENCE
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Parliament’s suspicions were aroused in 1672 when Charles took the audacious step of issuing this declaration, which suspended the laws that Parliament had passed against Catholic and Puritans. Parliament would have none of it and induced the king to suspend the declaration.
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THE TEST ACT OF 1673
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Parliament was propelled by a strong anti-catholic sentiment and then passed this act in 1673, specifying that only Anglicans could hold military and civil offices.
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WHIGS
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This was the first political grouping who wanted to exclude James and establish a Protestant king with tolerating of Dissenters
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TORIES
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This was the second political grouping who supported the king, despite their dislike of James as a Catholic, because they did not believe Parliament should tamper with the lawful succession to the throne.
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JAMES II
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(1685-1688) His accession virtually guaranteed a new constitutional crisis for England. An open and devout Catholic, his attempt to further Catholic interests made religion one more a primary cause of conflict between king and Parliament. Contrary to the Test Acts, he named Catholics to high positions in government, army, navy, and universities.
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GLORIOUS REVOLUTION
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The events of late 1688 set the Glorious Revolution in motion. The far more important part was the Revolution Settlement, which confirmed William and Mary as Monarchs. Many historians have viewed the Glorious Revolution as the end of the 17th-century struggle between king and Parliament.
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THOMAS HOBBES AND LEVIATHAN
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(1588-1679) He lived during the English Civil War and was alarmed by the revolutionary upheavals in his contemporary England. His name has since been associated with the stat’s claim to absolute authority over its subjects, a topic that he elaborated in his major treatise on political thought know as the Leviathan, published in 1651.
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JOHN LOCKE AND THE TWO TREATISES OF GOVERNMENT
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(1632-1704) He viewed the exercise of political power quite differently from Hobbes and argued against the absolute rule of one man. His experience of English politics during the Glorious Revolution was incorporated into a political work called Two Treatises of Government. Like Hobbes, he began with the state of nature before human existence became socially organized. But unlike Hobbes, he believed that humans lived in a state of equality and freedom rather than a state of war.
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