Endocrine System

Front 1

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is released by the ____ in response to stress

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hypothalamus

Front 2

Alarm reaction responses resulting from the hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex include

Back 2

hyperglycemia.
decreased immunity.
decreased allergic responses.

Front 3

Endocrine glands may be made up of

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glandular epithelium.
neurosecretory tissue.

Front 4

endocrine gland located in the neck

Back 4

Thyroid

Front 5

nonsteroid hormones

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oxytocin.
calcitonin.
glucagon.

Front 6

Hormones may be

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steroids.
peptides.
C21, aldosterone
glycoproteins.

Front 7

Steroids are able to pass easily through a target cell's plasma membrane because they are

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lipid-soluble

Front 8

An effect of cortisol is

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increased protein catabolism.

Front 9

In comparison with the nervous system, the regulatory effects of the endocrine system are

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slow to appear, but long-lasting.

Front 10

general functions of the neuroendocrine system

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Communication
Integration
Control

Front 11

Tropic hormones

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target other endocrine glands and stimulate their growth and secretion.

Front 12

The substance that acts as a second messenger at the cellular level is

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cyclic AMP

Front 13

characteristics of the endocrine system

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Effector tissues include virtually all tissues.
Characteristics of regulatory effects are slow to appear and long-lasting.
Receptors are located on the plasma membrane or within the effector cell.

Front 14

Endocrine system characteristics

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Produce hormones
Regulate activities of body structures
Response slower and longer duration than nervous system

Front 15

END

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endorphin

Front 16

Hormones

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carried to almost every point in the body; can regulate most cells; effects work more slowly and last longer than those of neurotransmitters

Front 17

Endocrine glands

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“ductless glands”; many are made of glandular epithelium whose cells manufacture and secrete hormones; a few endocrine glands are made of neurosecretory tissue

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Sex hormones

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target reproductive tissues

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Anabolic hormones

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stimulate anabolism in target cells

Front 20

Steroid hormones

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Synthesized from cholesterol (Figure 16-5)
Lipid-soluble and can easily pass through the phospholipid plasma membrane of target cells
Examples of steroid hormones: cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

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Nonsteroid hormones

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Synthesized primarily from amino acids

Front 22

Protein hormones

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long, folded chains of amino acids; e.g., insulin and parathyroid hormone

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Glycoprotein hormones

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protein hormones with carbohydrate groups attached to the amino acid chain

Front 24

Peptide hormones

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smaller than protein hormones; short chain of amino acids; e.g., oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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Amino acid derivative hormones

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each is derived from a single amino acid molecule
produced by the thyroid gland; synthesized by adding iodine to tyrosine

Front 26

Amine hormones

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synthesized by modifying a single molecule of tyrosine; produced by neurosecretory cells and by neurons; e.g., epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 27

Mobile-receptor model

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hormone passes into nucleus, where it binds to mobile receptor and activates a certain gene sequence to begin transcription of mRNA; newly formed mRNA molecules move into the cytosol, associate with ribosomes, and begin synthesizing protein molecules that produce the effects of the hormone

Front 28

Second messenger mechanism

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produces target cell effects that differ from steroid hormone effects
Effects of the hormone are amplified by the cascade of reactions
IP3, GMP, calcium-calmodulin mechanisms
operates much more quickly than the steroid mechanism
A nonsteroid hormone molecule acts as a “first messenger” and delivers its chemical message to fixed receptors in the target cell’s plasma membrane
The “message” is then passed by way of a G protein into the cell, where a “second messenger” triggers the appropriate cellular changes

Front 29

The nuclear receptor mechanism

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small iodinated amino acids (T4 and T3) enter the target cell and bind to receptors associated with a DNA molecule in the nucleus; this binding triggers transcription of mRNA and synthesis of new enzymes

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endocrine reflexes

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Control of hormonal secretion is usually part of a negative feedback loop

Front 31

Prostaglandins (PGs)

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lipid hormones
integrative functions in the body
do not meet the usual definition of a hormone
tissue hormones because the secretion is produced in a tissue and diffuses only a short distance to other cells within the same tissue
integrate activities of neighboring cells

Front 32

Prostaglandin A (PGA)

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intraarterial infusion resulting in an immediate fall in blood pressure accompanied by an increase in regional blood flow to several areas

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Prostaglandin E (PGE)

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vascular effects: regulation of red blood cell deformability and platelet aggregation; inflammation (which can be blocked with drugs that inhibit PG-producing enzymes such as COX-1 and COX-2), gastrointestinal effects: regulates hydrochloric acid secretion

Front 34

Prostaglandin F (PGF)

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especially important in reproductive system, causing uterine contractions; also affects intestinal motility and is required for normal peristalsis

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Pituitary Gland

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Located on the ventral surface of the brain within the skull
Made up of two separate glands, the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary gland) and the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary gland)

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Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)

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Divided into two parts:
Pars anterior—forms the major portion of adenohypophysis
Pars intermedia
Tissue is composed of irregular clumps of secretory cells supported by fine connective tissue fibers and surrounded by a rich vascular network