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61 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Hypothalmus
production of ADH, oxytocin, and regulatory hormones
Pineal gland
melatonin
Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, and MSH
Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
release of oxytocin and ADH
Parathyroid glands
(on posterior surface of thyroid gland) parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Heart
Natriuretic peptides: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
Thyroid gland
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
calcitonin (CT)
Thymus
(undergoes atrophy during adulthood) Thymosins
Kidney
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Calcitriol
Adrenal gland divisions
Adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
epinephrine (E)
norephinephrine (NE)
Adrenal cortex
cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, androgens
Adipose tissue
leptin, resistin
Digestive tract
numerous hormones
Pancreatic islets
insulin, glucagon
Gonads (male and female)
testes (male): androgens (especially testosterone), inhibin
ovaries (female): estrogens, progestins, inhibin
Location of pituitary gland, and other name for it.
Inferior to the hypothalamus.
Hypophysis.
Infundibulum
stalk of the pituitary gland, connects it to the hypothalamus
Diaphragma sellae
Membrane holding the gland to the sella turcica (depression in the sphenoid bone of the cranium where the gland rests.)
Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
neurohypophysis or pars nervosa. 2 nuclei:
Supraoptic and paraventricular
Supraoptic nuclei
manufactures ADH (vasopressin) which concentrates urine to conserve water and is triggered by a rise in electrolyte conc. or drop in blood pressure.
Paraventricular nuclei
Manufactures oxytocin which induces uterine contractions in childbirth and ejects milk from breasts. In males it induces contraction of the prostate gland.
The other name for the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
Adenohypophysis.
3 regions of the adenohypophysis.
Pars distalis-largest part.
Pars intermedia-adjacent to the neurohypophysis.
Pars tuberalis-wraps around infundibulum.
Hormones of the anterior lobe.
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Gonadotropes
Secrete the gonadotropins FSH and LH.
Lactotropes
Secrete PRL which stimulates development of mammary glands and milk production.
Somatotropes
Secrete GH (aka somatotropin) which stimulates cell growth and replication by increasing the rate of protein synthesis. Targets muscle and bone.
LH
Induces ovulation and promotes ovarian secretion of progestins which are steroid hormones that prepare the body for pregnancy. In men it stimulates the production of androgens by the interstitial cells of the testes.
FSH
Promotes development of oocytes in the ovaries of mature women, also stimulates secretion of estrogens by follicle cells. In men it supports sperm production.
ATCH
Stimulates release of steroid hormones by the adrenal gland. Specifically glucocorticoids (GC) that affect glucose metabolism.
What hormone is released by the pars intermedia?
MSH. Only secreted during fetal development, young children, pregnant women, and some disease states.
Which gland is butterfly shaped and sequesters iodine?
thyroid
What is thyroglobulin?
A colloidal form that can be iodized to become T4 or T3.
Parafollicular cells
Also called C-cells. Produce calcitonin (CT) which assists in the regulation of calcium ion concentrations in body fluid.
How does calcitonin lower calcium ion concentration?
Inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates calcium ion secretion at the kidneys.
Which gland opposes the action of calcitonin?
parathyroid gland
Cells within the parathyroid gland
Principal cells (chief cells)-produce PTH (parathyroid hormone).
Oxyphil cells (transitional cells)-probably immature or inactive principal cells.
PTH
Increases calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts and osteoblasts, by reducing urinary excretion of calcium, and stimulating the production of calcitrol.
Regions of the adrenal cortex
Zona glomerulosa-produces mineralcorticoids.
Zona fasciculate-produces glucocorticoids.
Zona reticularis-produces gonadocorticoids.
Mineralcorticoids
Aldosterone and others. Target kidneys to affect mineral balance of body, loss of potassium, and retention of sodium and water.
Glucocorticoids
Cortisol or corticosterone. Speeds up rates of glucose synthesis and glycogen formation.
Gonadocorticoids
Androgens. Stimulate the development of pubic hair in boys and girls before puberty.
Adrenal glands location and structure.
Paired glands superior to the kidneys, split into 2 layers: cortex and medulla.
Chromaffin cells
Aka pheochromocytes. Make up the adrenal medulla. Endocrine cells that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Increase cardiac activity, blood pressure, glycogen breakdown, blood glucose, and release of lipids by adipose tissue.
Location of thymus
On the mediastinum above the heart.
Thymosin
Produced by the thymus, enhances lymphocyte production and competence.
Renin
Enzyme (often called hormone) that starts a cascade effect through angiotensinogen, resulting in increased blood pressure. Produced in kidneys.
EPO
erythropoietin-stimulates red blood cell production
Calcitrol
requires vitamin D3, increases absorption of calcium
ANP and BNP
Atrial and Brain natriuretic peptides. Suppresses aldosterone and ADH production. Decreases blood volume and blood pressure.
The 4 cells of the pancreatic islets (of langerhans)
Alpha cells-produce glucagon
Beta cells-produce insulin
Delta cells-produce somatostatin
F cells-produce pancreatic polypeptide (PP)
Glucagon
increases blood sugar levels by causing the liver to release stored glycogen.
Insulin
Reduces blood sugar levels by causing cells to take up more for use by the mitochondria.
Somatostatin
A hormone that is antagonistic to growth hormone.
Pancreatic polypeptide
Inhibits gallbladder contraction and regulates pancreatic enzyme production.
Sustentacular cells
Produce inhibin which targets the anterior pituitary gland and acts antagonistically to FSH
Corpus luteum
Produces progesterone which targets the anterior pituitary gland and prepares the uterus for implantation. It also produces relaxin which softens the pubic symphysis and stimulates mammary development.
Epiphysis
pineal gland
pinealocytes
special secretory cells of the pineal gland that produce melatonin, which is important in regulating circadian rhythms.