Chapter 9 Endocrine System

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endocrine system

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second great controlling system. Coordinates and directs the activity of the body's cells. more slowly acting and uses chemical messengers

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hormones

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chemical messengers which are released into the blood to be transported leisurely throughout the body. controls reproduction, growth and development, mobilizing body defenses against stressors, maintaining electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of the blood and regulating cellular metabolism and energy balance

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target cells/target organs

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certain cells or organs that a hormone affects

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negative feedback mechanism

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chief means of regulating blood levels o nearly all hormones

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hormonal stimulus

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endocrine organs are produced into action by other hormones. Most common stimulus

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ductless glands

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produce hormones that they release into the blood or lymph

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pituitary gland

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about the size of a grape. Anterior pituitary (glandular tissue) and posterior pituitary (nervous tissue)

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tropic hormones

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stimulate their target organs, which are also endocrine glands, to secrete their hormones, which in turn exert their effects on other body organs and tissues.

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growth hormone (GH)

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metabolic hormone. Major effects are directed to the growth of skeletal muscles and long bones of the body. Plays important role in determining final body size.

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prolactin (PRL)

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protein hormone structurally similar to growth hormone. breast.

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adrenocorticortropic hormone (ACGTH)

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REGULATES THE ENDOCRINE ACTIVITY OF THE CORTEX PORTION OF THE ADRENAL GLAND

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THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)

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influences growth and activity of the thyroid gland

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gonadotropic hormones

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regulate the hormonal activity o the gonads (ovaries and testes)

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follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH)

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stimulates follicle development in the ovaries in females. stimulates sperm development in testes

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Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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triggers ovulation of an egg from the female ovary and causes the ruptured follicle to become a corpus luteum

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corpus luteum

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produces progesterone and some estrogen

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oxytocin

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released in significant amounts only during childbirth and in nursing women. Stimulates powerful contractions of uterine muscle and milk ejaculation

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antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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second hormone released by the posterior pituitary

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diuresis

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urine production

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thyroid gland

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located on base of throat. two lobes joined by a central mass. Makes thyroid hormone and calcitonin

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thyroid hormone

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body's major metabolic hormone

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thyroxine T4

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major hormone secreted by the tyhroid follicles.

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Triiodothyronine T3

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formed at target tissues by conversion of T4 to t3

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goiters

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enlargement of the thyroid gland that results when the diet is deficient in iodine

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cretinism

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results in dwarism. Hyposecretion of thyroxine in children.

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myxedema

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hypothyroidism occurring in adults

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calcitonin/thyrocalcitonin

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decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium to be deposited in the bones. second important hormone product in thyroid gland.

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parathyroid glands

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tiny masses of glandular tissue found on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

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parathormone

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most important regulator of calcium ion homeostasis of the blood

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adrenal glands

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curve over top of kidneys. two endocrine organs in one. glandular and neural tissue parts.

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adrenal cortex

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produces three major groups of steroid hormones called corticosteroids

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corticosterioids

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mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and sex hormones

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mineralocorticoids

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produced by outermost adrenal cortex cell layer. important in regulating mineral (salt) content of blood

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renin

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enzyme produced by kidneys when blood pressure drops. also causes release of aldosterone by triggering reactions that result in formation of angiostensin II

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angiostensin II

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potent stimulator of aldosterone release

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atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

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hormone released by heart prevents aldosterone release. Goal is to reduce blood volume and pressure

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glucocorticoids

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produced by middle cortical layer. Includes cortisone and cortisol. promote normal cell metabolism and help body resist long-term stressors

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androgens

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male sex hormones

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estrogens

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female sex hormones

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addison's disease

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a generalized hyposecretion of all the adrenal cortex hormones. bronze tone of skin

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hyperaldosteronism

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hyperactivity o the outermost cortical area

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cushing's syndrome

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when tumor is in middle cortical area. Excessive output of glucocorticoids results in moon face and the appearance of a buffalo hump of fat on upper back

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masculinization

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hypersecretion of the sex hormones

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adrenalmedulla

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develops from a knot of nervous tissue.

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epinephrine

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also called adrenaline

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catecholamines

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epinephrine and norepinephrine combined

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panreas

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located close to the stomach in the abdominal cavity.

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pancreatic islets

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best-hidden endocrine glands. Islets of Langerhands.

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insulin and glucagon

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produced by the islet

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beta cells

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stimulated by high levels o glucose in the blood.