Ch 18 Endocrine System

Front 1

Key difference between endocrine and nervous system in regards to homeostasis?

Back 1

Endocrine - long term maintenance
Nervous - short term

Front 2

Direct Communication occurs between _______, is ____ and very ____ and entails the exchange of ions and molecules through ______.

Back 2

two cells of the same type
highly specialized and very rare
gap junctions

Front 3

Paracrine Communication is the most ________ form of intercellular communication, from cell to cell, with the same ____ and uses ______ signals.

Back 3

common
tissue
chemical

Front 4

Endocrine communication releases ______ into the ______ and alters the ______ activities of many _________ simultaneously

Back 4

hormones
blood stream
tissues and organs

Front 5

Synaptic communication is neurotransmitter communication between a _____ and a ______.

Back 5

neuron
effector (neuron, muscle, gland)

Front 6

The hypothalamus produces:

Back 6

ADH, OXT and regulatory hormones

Front 7

The pituitary produces:

Back 7

ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH and MSH

Front 8

Thyroid gland produces:

Back 8

thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin

Front 9

Suprarenal medulla produces:

Back 9

epinephrine, norepinephrine

Front 10

Suprarenal cortex produces:

Back 10

cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, androgens

Front 11

Pineal gland produces:

Back 11

melatonin

Front 12

Parathyroid gland produces:

Back 12

parathyroid hormone

Front 13

Heart produces:

Back 13

atrial natriuretic hormone
brain natriuretic hormone
(reduces blood pressure by acting as a vasodilator, secretion of sodium via urine, reduces blood volume)

Front 14

Kidney produces:

Back 14

erythropoetin
calcitriol

Front 15

Adipose tissues produces:

Back 15

leptin

Front 16

Hormones can be divided into these three groups

Back 16

amino acid derivatives, peptide hormones, lipid derivatives

Front 17

Which ones circulate freely?

Back 17

peptide hormones
(PEPpy people like to run around around freely)

Front 18

Which ones bind to transport proteins?

Back 18

Lipid derivatives
(because fatties like to ride the bus--lipids on transport proteins)

Front 19

Examples of amino acid derivatives:

Back 19

tyrosine, thyroid hormones, catecholamines (E, NE, D)
tryptophan (melatonin, serotonin)

Front 20

Peptide hormones are made up of:

Back 20

glycoproteins, short polypeptides, proteins

Front 21

Longest peptide hormone?

Back 21

Glycoproteins (>200 aminos long))

Front 22

Glycoproteins include ______ and the gonadotropins ______ and ____

Back 22

TSH
LH
FSH

Front 23

Short polypeptides include _____ and ______

Back 23

ADH
OXT

Front 24

Proteins include _____ and ____

Back 24

GH
PRL

Front 25

Peptide hormones are the most diverse. T or F?

Back 25

T

Front 26

Lipid derivates include:

Back 26

steroid hormones
eicosanoids

Front 27

Steroid hormones include _______, ________ and ______.

Back 27

Sex hormones
corticosteroids
calcitriol

Front 28

Eicosanoids are ______ factors that affect _____ and _____ processes.

Back 28

paracrine
cellular factors and enzygmatic processes

Front 29

Examples of eicosanoids:

Back 29

prostaglandins, leukotrienes

Front 30

Membrane acting hormones include:

Back 30

Catecholamines, peptide hormones, eicosanoids

Front 31

Nuclear hormones include

Back 31

thyroid hormones and steroid hormones

Front 32

Plasma membrane hormones are not ______ - soluble, obviously

Back 32

lipid

Front 33

Membrane hormones act _____ and via ______ messengers

Back 33

indirectly
second

Front 34

Eiconosanoids are lipid-soluble. Where do they bind?

Back 34

The inner surface of the plasma membrane.

Front 35

G protein

Back 35

link between first messenger and second messenger; uses GTP
Rx tend to target these receptors

Front 36

anterior lobe of pituitary

Back 36

adenohypophysis

Front 37

posterior lobe of pituitary

Back 37

neurohypophysis

Front 38

What is the median eminence?

Back 38

Swelling near attachment of the infundibulum. This is where the hypothalamic neurons release regulatory factors.

Front 39

Pancreatic Islets

Back 39

Islets of Langerhans

Front 40

Alpha cells of pancreas

Back 40

glucagon

Front 41

Beta cells of pancreas

Back 41

insulin

Front 42

Delta cells of pancreas

Back 42

peptide hormone identical to GH-IH

Front 43

F cells of pancreas

Back 43

pancreatic polypeptide

Front 44

Hormone associated with following places of adrenal cortex:
zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

Back 44

-(mineralocorticoids) aldosterone,
-(glucocorticoids) hydrocortisone, cortisol, corticosterone
-androgens

Front 45

What does aldosterone does?

Back 45

-Targets the kidneys
-Sodium retention, potassium loss
-Stimulated by angiotensin II, elevated plasma potassium or loss of plasma sodium

Front 46

What do the glucocorticoids do?

Back 46

-amino acid secretion from skeletal muscle, lipid secretion from adipose tissue
-liver formation of glucose and glucagon
-anti-inflammatory effects
-peripheral utilization of lipids

Front 47

What do androgens do here?

Back 47

Important for muscular growth, bone growth and hemogenesis in women and children

Front 48

Medulla secretes what?

Back 48

catecholamines (increase cardiac activity, blood pressure, glycogen breakdown, blood glucose levels; releases lipids by adipose tissue)

Front 49

What is the stimulating hormone for the zona fasciculata and the zona reticularis?

Back 49

ACTH

Front 50

Where does ACTH come from?

Back 50

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Front 51

Which catecholamine accounts for 75 to 80% of medulla secretion

Back 51

epinephrine

Front 52

What does the suprarenal cortex store?

Back 52

lipids

Front 53

Two key parts of thyroid gland?

Back 53

C cells
Follicular epithelium

Front 54

The follicular epithelium produces what two hormones?

Back 54

Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyrodine (T3)

Front 55

Which hormone stimulates the follicular epithelium?

Back 55

TSH, duh. From the ant. pit.

Front 56

C Cells release _____

Back 56

calcitonin

Front 57

Calcitonin does what?

Back 57

Reduce blood concentrations of Ca 2+

Front 58

Parathyroid glands release PTH, which....

Back 58

Increases blood concentrations of Ca2+

Front 59

Four effects of PTH

Back 59

1. Stimulates osteoclasts
2. Inhibits osteoblasts
3. Reduces urinary loss (via reabsorptions of Ca)
4. Facilitates calcitriol production at kidneys

Front 60

Which of the thyroid hormones is the active hormone?

Back 60

T3
Triiodothyronine

Front 61

What is the main purpose of glucagon?

Back 61

To mobilize energy reserves

Front 62

How does glucagon mobilize energy reserves?

Back 62

1. Lipolysis
2. Glycogenolysis
3. Gluconeogenesis

Front 63

Basophil

Back 63

Non-phagocytic
Induce inflammation through heparin and histamines
Less than 1%
Non-Specific Defense

Front 64

Eosinophil

Back 64

Primary - secrete toxic compounds
Secondary - phagocytic
Attack parasites and bacteria
Counteract inflammatory affects

Front 65

Neutrophils

Back 65

Most common
Phagocytic
First to arrive at infection site
Release leukotrienes, defensins, and prostaglandins

Front 66

leukotriene

Back 66

attract phagocytes

Front 67

prostaglandins

Back 67

induce inflammation

Front 68

Monocyte

Back 68

phagocytic
macrophage
attracts fibroblasts to promote scar formation
activates lymphocytes

Front 69

lymphocytes

Back 69

specific immune response
20-30#
bidirectional
T Cells
B Cells
NK Cells

Front 70

T Cell

Back 70

cell-mediated immunity

Front 71

B Cells

Back 71

humoral immunity (secrete antibodies while in plasma)

Front 72

NK cells

Back 72

cancer destroyer